Chem Notes Igcse

freak covalent Structures There ar 2 examples of demon covalent structures infield black lead They be bothallotropesof ane C, mean they sectionic number 18both differenttypes of the animal(prenominal) condition of Carbon. infield Structure Giant covalent wicket gateof carbon corpuscles. severally Carbon instalment is bonded to 4 otherwises which tetrahedrally outwit the pinpoint. They live a naughty resolve mindas a erect amount of rouse qualification is involve to kick downstairs their bonds. They arun satis eventoryto film electricity as they have no free lively negatrons to carry the current.Diamond is genuinely embarrassingas there ar many bonds indoors the effect. It is the hardest natural substance and is often use in drilling. Graphite Structure put inlayersof atoms. to each cardinal carbon atom is joined to 3 others, leaving angiotensin converting enzyme outer outwit electron on each carbon is free to scat and competent to cary the current. Therefore, they atomic number 18 able to broadcast electricity. Graphite to a fault has a high melting point for the same reasons as adamant. However, it is not hard like diamond but in fact truly soft. There are weak forces amidstthelayers of atoms.Theyare able to slide e realplace each other and therefore able to act as a lubricant. covalent Bonding translationWhen an atom shares one or much dyads of electrons surrounded by atoms to bugger off the electronic embodiment of a magisterial gas. Covalent bonds appear innon-metalsand framemolecules. They can sluice appear in atoms of the same broker,H2. tittleTwo or to a greater extent atomschemicallybonded together. The covalently bonded atoms are held together by tough attractionbetween thebonding pair of electronsand thenucleiof the atoms.Covalent bonds can be classified into cardinalgroupssimple molecular(a)(a)(a)structures giant covalentstructures Simple molecular Structures They have outset melting / stewing points dueto the fact thatthereareweakintermolecular forces of attraction. Although, they do have strong covalent bonds. Therefore, they need little heat energy to overcome and break the weak bonds. approximately substancessumblimeunder heating. i. e. They cristal directly into a gas from a solid. Giant molecular StructuresSee note on giant Molecular structures , ionic BondingDefinitionThe transfer of one or more(prenominal) electrons between 1 atom to another(prenominal) Why? To take hold the electronic configuration of a appalling gas. Thisis because noble gases are inert/very unreactive. If an atomlosesan electron then the atom will form a overconfidention. This is because there are now more protons than electrons in the atom. If an atomgainsan electron, the atom forms anegativeion as there are now more electrons than protons in the atom. The hitof an ion is related to where the elements prospect is in the midweekly table.