Friday, December 27, 2019

Short Story - 998 Words

I was charging across campus in a daze, only focusing on the handful of memory refreshers in my hand. People were bumping me as I pushed my way through several crowds just trying to get to class on time. I looked down at my pristine steel gray Akribos watch noticing that I had two minutes to get to my Anatomy and Physiology class for my final of first semester. My quick pace immediately turned into a sprint as I still had to journey half way across campus. The brisk fall wind blew my hair against my face as the fall leaves fell from the trees. I ran through the doors of Kela Lecture Hall and flew up the right staircase to find the door to my class slowly closing. I sprinted full speed towards the door and slammed my hand between the wall†¦show more content†¦My legs fell right from underneath me as I fumbled to the ground in a weeping mess. I sat on the ground for a while not wanting to move a muscle as this did not feel like reality, but I got up and flew to my dorm, knowin g I should call my mother and ask how my father is doing. My worn navy blue thinking chair with a paisley print was calling my name, so I sat down in it as I started to prepare myself to call my mother back. Gently pressing the buttons, I held my phone up to my right ear waiting for my mother to answer. The sound of sniffles and tears instantly filled my ear as my mother told me that my father did have a heart attack and that he was in critical condition at St. Cloud Hospital in Minnesota. I knew the moment she was done with her sentence that I had a major life choice to make; should I go to Minnesota to see my dying father? Or should I stay and finish my semester finals? â€Å"Hey Mom? Can you give me a couple of hours to decide?† I murmured gently into the phone, as I was waiting for my inevitable break down. â€Å"Of course honey, just please let me know by tomorrow morning, I will talk to you tomorrow, bye honey,† my mother hung up as she knew she could not be str ong for me or herself much longer. As soon as I heard the familiar sound of an ended call, I threw my phoneShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Hydraulic Fracturing - 2275 Words

Hydraulic Fracturing: An Inconvenient Truth Carolyn Yanoti and Florian Muller I6068325, I6078618 December 5, 2013 Workshop Paper Assignment Final Version Professor Julia Quartz As America looks to find the best source of energy at hand domestically, the use of hydraulic fracturing proves to be the best response. Hydraulic fracturing is more commonly known as fracking, is the process where natural gas is extracted from shale rock areas deep within the earth. In the US, an estimated total of 1.44 quadrillion cubic feet of shale gas is accessible with this technology. In 2012, 32 states hosted natural gas drillers, with an extensive tendency. In the same year, 24 states considered 127 bills which were†¦show more content†¦Understanding the different levels of risk interpretation by different actors builds support on why they may or may not support a technology. In the case of hydraulic fracturing, proponents argue fracking outcomes result in simplistic risks, which means they are manageable and can be easily calculated. In responding to potential opponents, the industry argues that risks can be managed through existing and rapidly improving technologi es. A press release from the Marcellus Shale Coalition (2010) proposes what their argumentation looks like: â€Å"The members of the Marcellus Shale Coalition develop and drill wells in an environmentally responsible manner, including the use of hydraulic fracturing to complete a well for production. Hydraulic fracturing has been an established and proven practice for 60 years in Pennsylvania and around the country, and has been regulated successfully by state agencies. There have been no identified groundwater contamination incidents due to hydraulic fracturing.† In the additional measures to secure the extraction process, the strong pipe and the layers of cement, make hydraulic fracturing a very safe way to access the gas. Further security is guaranteed by the new, modern character of the technology. As a direct response to the risk of methane-contamination of the environment, proponents argue that groundwater containsShow MoreRelatedHydraulic Fracturing Essay696 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is Hydraulic Fracturing Contrary to popular belief’s Hydraulic Fracturing is not a drilling process .It is the series of steps that are used after the drilling of hole in the ground is completed to create or restore small fractures or opening in the reservoir rock formation .These small fractures or opening in the reservoir are mainly used to extract –petroleum, natural gas ( such as shale gas , tight gas , and coal seam) ,water And natural substances This process was first used in 1947Read MoreThe Argument Against Hydraulic Fracturing1378 Words   |  6 PagesArgument against Hydraulic Fracturing Hydraulic Fracturing is the process in which a borehole is made on earth, and the Shale rock is broken in order to harvest natural gas by drilling pipes vertically,and horizontally.Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking draws in the addition of more than a million gallons of water,sand,and chemicals being added below earth s surface at a high pressure down a vertical,and horizontal pipeline.As the mixture travels down the pipe it breaks the Shale rock realisingRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing : Natural Gas1988 Words   |  8 PagesHydraulic Fracturing Natural gas is a keystone of United States economy, it providing the United States a quarter of the country’s total energy; Outstanding to the many advances in technology. Production from shale formations has gone from a small amount just a few years ago to being almost thirty percent of total United States natural gas manufacture. This has gotten lower prices, domestic jobs due to the possible of extensive production growth. Although the growth has also brought many difficultRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing : Good Or Bad?1401 Words   |  6 PagesHydraulic Fracturing: Good or Bad? Carol French owns a dairy farm in Pennsylvania. French’s dairy farm was thriving until one day a startling change in her water occurred. On March 15, 2011, French turned on her sink faucet and â€Å"the water came out white with a green moss settling on top of sand† (â€Å"A Dairy†). After the water settled for a while it became gelatin like. After being exposed to the water, â€Å"French’s daughter became sick in October of that year with a fever, weight loss (10 pounds inRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing : An Ethical Approach1168 Words   |  5 PagesHydraulic Fracturing: An Ethical Approach Hydraulic fracturing in combination with advancement in directional drilling has made it possible to economically extract oil and gas from unconventional resources. The growth in U.S. oil and gas exploration and production made possible by the increase in use of hydraulic fracturing, has raised concerns about its potential to impact human health and the environment. Concerns have been raised by the public about the effects of hydraulic fracturing on qualityRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing : The Good And The Bad1381 Words   |  6 PagesHydraulic Fracturing: The Good and The Bad. Hydraulic fracturing in combination with advancement in directional drilling has made it possible to economically extract oil and gas from unconventional resources. The growth in U.S. oil and gas exploration and production made possible by the increase in use of hydraulic fracturing, has raised concerns about its potential to impact human health and the environment. Concerns have been raised by the public about the effects of hydraulic fracturing on qualityRead MoreThe Controversial Technique Of Hydraulic Fracturing1366 Words   |  6 Pagesmore dependent on oil. However, the insatiable hunger of oil eventually consumed most available shallow sources of oil. Only then did natural gas and its variants become a viable option, and with it the controversial technique of Hydraulic Fracturing. Hydraulic Fracturing, or Fracking, as it is commonly known, is a process that requires three main components: a natural gas deposit, drilling and fracking fluid. The operation begins with companies surveying lands to discover an untapped source. OnceRead MoreThe Possible Effects of Hydraulic Fracturing in Newfoundland1278 Words   |  5 Pagesessay will examine the possible effects of hydraulic fracturing in Newfoundland. Hydraulic fracturing is the process of retrieving natural gas from the earth by injecting fluid into a borehole and pressurizing it, creating cracks in the rock. hydraulic fracturing fluid is made up of small beads of sand or ceramic, which prop open the cracks in the rock, as well as water and chemicals, which help suspend the proppants (sand or ceramic). The hydraulic fracturing fluid is pressurized, allowing the proppantsRead MoreWhy America Needs Hydraulic Fracturing1876 Words   |  8 PagesWhy America needs hydraulic fracturing Hydraulic fracturing also called fracking has been around for many years despite the recent events of controversy to continue fracturing or not. With the earth’s resources depleting rapidly every year and no sufficient replacement for energy humanity needs fracking. The process of fracking has been around for more than six decades. Fracking has been around since the 1940s and was created to increase the removal flow of oil and natural gas. In the words ofRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing : A Common And Widespread Technique1637 Words   |  7 PagesHydraulic fracturing has become a very common and widespread technique, especially in North America, due to technological advances that have allowed extracting natural gas from so-called unconventional reservoirs (tight sands, coal beds and shale formations). The socalled high volume hydraulic fracturing (with treatments typically an order of magnitude larger than the conventional fracturing procedures) began in 1968. This was complemented by horizontal drilling since the late 1980s, and the use

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

C Programming Essay Example For Students

C Programming Essay C programming for the complete newbieHello there im Krisis you may have seen me on irc.hackersclub.com. Well I thought it was about time to write an article like everyone else. Butunlike many others mine wont be on Hacking, Cracking, or Phreaking its on C programming, yousee Im not the best hacker but Im an ok programmer. So here it goes. This is based for absolutebeginners so those of you like my friend Chrak wouldnt be interested in it. 1st lets talk about some of C s history. C was invent by Dennis Ritchieand KennethThompson. They modeled it after the language they were using called B. Cwas a subset of B hencethe name. C was made because B was going out of style and they needed a newlanguage to write UNIX in. Yes UNIX was made in C. C was made popular very quickly becauseevery UNIX sold had a Ccompiler. A compiler is a program thats looks at your source code andtransfers it into object code, after it is transfered into object code it must be linked, once itslinked it can beexecuted. /***********************************************************************************************/2nd Lets talk about variables they are your integers and characters and soon. You have many data types they are. int integerschar characterslong int bigger integersshort int same as intfloat decimal numbersdouble even bigger decimal numbersTo define a variable 1st you must put something like int MyNum;MyNum = 2;or for a character value it would be like char name; name= Jim;notice the you must have those around character values, they are notneeded for integers ordecimals. /***********************************************************************************************/3rd Ill tell you about stuff like #include and #define. #include is usedto tell the compiler that whatever is in the brackets just be included like its part ofyour code. #include ;stdio.h; #define is used to define something Like the color of a truck or car. #define TRUCK red#include and #define must come before any functions are even prototyped(Ill talk about this later). /***********************************************************************************************/ 4th Ill talk about functions. Every program must have at least onefunction. That functions name must be main(). The () tells the compiler that it is afunction. All functions must return a value in the main() function a 0 is usually returned. In yourfunctions you willwant to use comments to explain your code a comment is begun by using /*and ended by using */ . I will now show you your 1st program. #include stdio.h /* Used in most standard Input Output Programs */main()/* Beginning Brackets used to show the beggining ofa block of code */printf(Hello World); /* A function already written in Stdio.h */return 0; /* Value returned from the program */} /* Ending bracket used to show end of a block of code */now compile your program in your compiler if your using UNIX do it like this gcc hello.c -o Helloand then run your program bye typing in ./Hello/***********************************************************************************************/5th Ill talk about output which is essential to almost all programs. Ill start you out with printf(); It is defined in Stdio.h so every time youcall printf(); you must include Stdio.h . printf(); s syntax is quite easy you just used it like thisprintf(What ever you want outputted);to output variables you do it like this char dog=scruffy;printf(My dogs name is %c, dog); notice the %c it tells the compiler tolook for a character variable. Now for Integers and Decimalsint age=16;printf(I am %d years old, age); use %d to print out decimals and integers /***********************************************************************************************/6th Lets talk about multiple functions. When you have more than one functionyou must prototype it. Here is an example. .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 , .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 .postImageUrl , .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 , .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707:hover , .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707:visited , .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707:active { border:0!important; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707:active , .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hot and good Essay#include ;stdio.h;void hello(); /* This is a prototype notice the void. Void tells thecompiler that this functiondoes not return a value like return 0; */main() /* Main doesnt ever need to be prototyped */hello();return 0;}void hello(); /* Your prototype must look exactly like your real function */printf(Im in the function hello!);} Void is your return type. Other return types are int for returning integersuse float to return decimals and so on. /***********************************************************************************************/7th Ill introduce you to input. Ill teach you how to use gets() and scanf()and fgets() properlygets() takes a variable and place data into as do scanf() and fgets() In thenext example I will use all 3#include stdio.h#include conio.hmain()int x, y, z, ans;printf(What is X s value );gets(x);printf(What is Y s value );scanf(%d, y); /* Scanf is odd I dont recommend using it try and use getsand fgets more */ /* Whatever is used to print the variable type you are using is placed inparantheses and is used in front of whatever variable you are using */printf(What is Z s value);fgets(z, 25, stdin); /* fgets is kinda tricky at first glance */ /* first off you put what variable you want then how many integers orcharacterslong it can be and then stdin,stdin is a macro defined in stdio.h it is usedto represent standard input */ans=x+y+z;printf(Ans equals %d, ans);/************************************ ***********************************************************/8th Lets talk about decision statements like if and else. here is how if is usedif(VariableName==5) printf(Your variable is 5); }else is used after if, it is used like thisif(VariableName==5)printf(Your variable is 5);}elseprintf(I dont know what your variable is);}/***********************************************************************************************/9th Ill talk about While loops and do-while loops. Loops arent as hard asthey may seem. while loops are easy. Just watch and learn. #include stdio.hmain()int x=1;while(x2600)printf(X=%d,x);x++; /* adds 1 to x */}return 0;} /* While loops dont have to happen only if the right sequence happens dothey execute */Loops can be placed inside of IF and else statements if you want. That canbe very helpful if you want a process to happen a bunch if something happens Like the user pressingX instead of Y. Do-While loops are just as easy. They automatically execute at least once. #include stdio.hmain()int x=1;doprintf(X=%d,x);x++;}while(x2600);return 0;}The do tells the program to do this at least once and it doesnt see thewhile until it has already do the do. /***********************************************************************************************/10th Im going to tell you about another kind of loop the for loop. Forloops execute a given number of times and then stop. For loops are executed like this. for(x=1; x100; x++)printf(X=%d,x);}That prints 1 through 100. Thats about it about for loops there not veryhard. They can be prettyuseful. But I dont use them alot Im into While loops. /***********************************************************************************************/11th is all about Arrays. Arrays are consecutive places in memory. Arrayscan be integers and characters. They can be just about any size. Here is an example. #include stdio.hmain()int i2int i1 =2600int i2 =1982 /* Year I was born */printf( I1 = %d ,i1); printf( I2 = %d ,i2);return 0;}See how easy that was Arrays arent very hard at all. /***********************************************************************************************/12th Ill tell you about passing parameters to functions. Its nots to hardbut Ive said that about everything. First you must prototype it before main() I hope youremember how to prototype. Here is an example of passing parameters. #include stdio.hint next(int x);main()int age;printf(please enter you age );fgets(age, 3 ,stdin);age(age); /* Age is passed on to the next function */return 0;}next(int x);x++;printf(Next year you will be %d, x);return 0;}/***********************************************************************************************/13th Ill say a little sumthin about why C is good to Hacking. Its goodbecause it is so portable C can be used on all processors and Operating Systems. So if yourexploit you just wrote works onone UNIX like OS odds are it will work on another, therefore you dont haveto write a whole newprogram just to get a root shell. .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 , .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 .postImageUrl , .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 , .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4:hover , .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4:visited , .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4:active { border:0!important; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4:active , .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Discrimination in America Essay/***********************************************************************************************/Last but not least a sample program. #include stdio.hint blah(int x,int y);main()int a,b,r;printf(Enter some numbers );scanf(%d, a);scanf(%d, b);r=blah(a,b);printf(R = %d,r);return 0;}int blah(int x, int y)return x * y; }What does blah do and how does it work? You tell me. /***********************************************************************************************/Thats it for my little tutorial on C. I hope it helped you some. But forfurther info on C I suggest reading C programming in 12 easy lessons by Greg Perry from Sams Publishing. It helped me a shitload on learning C. You also might want to get some bookson C++ a subset of CYou can mail me at emailprotected

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Lord of the Flies uses the desire for power, civil Essays - Fiction

Lord of the Flies uses the desire for power, civilisation vs barbarianism and savagery to reflect the concerns of its time. Golding situated the book around the significance of World War Two. Golding concentrated on the aspect of the war, because of his personal participation in World War Two in the Navy. The war is significant in the book, as Golding believes is how we release the evil within ourselves. The young boys were chosen as the characters, to represent the innocence in society. Though their innocence is short-lived when they are suddenly left on an island together and eventually drifting into un-civilisation. The novel exhibits the desire for power, which is shown through the use of the conch'. The conch is a large horn-shell, that was found by Ralph, to assemble the boys. As there were no adults on the Island and the boys were left to make decisions for themselves. When Ralph blew into the conch, it signified to the other boys that he was in-charge or a dominant figure, as he was the closest thing to an adult they could look up to. When voting for their chief, Jack decides that he would like to be a candidate, as he can sing a C-sharp. This is quite ridiculous, as now a days, people would not consider that a good skill to have. Jack is out voted by the boys for Ralph to be chief, "You voted me for chief. Now you do what I say". Jack soon finds that he doesn't like Ralph's ruling and edges away from the group, seeking his own power to over-throw Ralph and to create his own clan'. Ralph soon realises that rules are only followed if people agree to follow them, 'I'm chief... And I've got the conch', "But you haven't got it with you. You left it behind". This shows that the boys didn't actually vote for Ralph as the chief, they voted for the conch to control their behaviour. The conflict between the civilising instincts and the barbarising instincts that Golding believes exists in all human beings is dramatised by the use of young boys to represent the e vil inside of us. The civilisation is represented through Ralph, as he strives for fair rules; "We've got to have rules and obey them. After all, we're not savages". Whereas the barbarism is represented by Jack, who endeavours in every man for himself'. The mention of the beast is first introduced as an imaginary, snake-like figure, that was supposedly seen by one of the younger boys. Jack then takes on the belief that the beast exists and he uses the beast as a way to blame their actions on the persuasion of the beast, "Maybe there is a beast. Maybe its only us". Because of the conflict between the boys, it causes massive destruction to their mental states, their judgement of civilisation and the deaths of many of the boys. The story is over dramatised, as the boys only seem to last a few days before eventually becoming uncivilised', though in reality it would probably take much longer. Also it seems a bit strange that they just happened to land on a deserted island, as they could have possibly landed in the ocean and drowned to their deaths. This suggests that this type of situation probably would not have actually occurred, implying that un-civilisation could possibly not occur.Savagery is widely explored in the book as the deplorable level of cruelty follows them all over the island. Since the book was written post World War Two, Golding uses the story to reflect our actions throughout the war and the inhumane treatment that is brought to the surface in isolated places. This represents the diabolical nature of man as ethics and societal values are abandoned, by the boys. Initially the island is a representation of the garden of Eden. A paradise described as majestic and beautiful, "where flower and fruit grew on the same tree". But when Simon is killed, all hell is let loose. "The beastfell over the steep edge of the rock", which inverts the sense of moral goodness through the allusion to the devil, as Jack and his faction continue their

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Cvs Marketing Development Essay Example

Cvs Marketing Development Essay Porter’s Five Forces ForcesGradeNote Segment Rivalry Strong The current market is divided between a few powerful competitors that can relatively easily attract customers from one another as the switching costs are low and practical absence of product differentiation contributes to the easy loss of market share. Threat of MobilityWeakWhile the new entrants only need a relatively simple GUI and a supplier in order to enter the market, the federal and local regulations will require significant investments prior to any positive cash flow. Again, the differentiation is practically non-existent and the new entrants will have to compete with financially established enterprises capitalizing on competitive advantage. Supplier powerStrongIn order to sustain the market share in this highly competitive industry the pharmacies have to establish and maintain strong working relationships with PBMs that have power to divest particular clients from a pharmacy by denying reimbursement privileges to their customers. Buyer PowerStrongIt is not hard to obtain the same drugs from different sources so the customer loyalty is virtually non-existent and the pharmacies have to try extremely hard to sustain their consumer base. Threats of substitutesWeakThere are very few alternatives to drugs. The alternatives are practically limited to traditional medicine. Therefore, the threat of substitute is weak. Conclusion: CVS is in a favorable position because it already controls the large share of the market and its brand name is known to the populace. We will write a custom essay sample on Cvs Marketing Development specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Cvs Marketing Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Cvs Marketing Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Therefore, it is crucial for the company to protect its market share and pursue the aggressive expansion policy to secure even large customer base. Financial Analysis CVS was able to secure such a large market share in part because of its strong financial base. Since the pharmaceutical industry is not strongly correlated with the market (average beta is 0. 2) the slowing economy does not affect much CVS financial performance. The firm employs about 190,000 people and boasts the 20 million strong consumer base with projected growth 3. million within the next three years. The firm’s Price-to-Earnings Ratio (P/E) of about 21 is higher than P/Es of its primary competitors. Hence, CVS reported 21 bps increase and the total gain of $68 million in the last year. At the same time, the forward earning on the CVS stock yielded over 9. 3% allowing the firm easily meets its dividend obligations. The EPS proves that the stock has been performing well at over 30%. The revenue has been growi ng at 15. 7% per year during the last three years compare to 14. % revenue growth within the industry. This stocks forward earnings yield of 7. 41% is the annual return it would generate if its profits remained fixed and it paid out all of its earnings as dividends. This is normal compared with the earnings yields of other stocks in the industry, and is healthy in absolute terms. Finally, most companies in the industry have generated very low returns on assets over the past five years. CVS has posted results that are about average for the industry, though its ROA over the most recent 12 months was very high. Porter’s Generic Strategies Provided the CVS position in the market, it is clearly pursuing the low-cost leadership strategy. The company offers the same goods or, sometimes, a wider product assortment at the lower prices than its competitors. The firm’s prescription drugs’ sales constituted 68% of total sales, 8% ahead of its major competition Walgreen. This number reflects a strong relationship with PBMs that are attracted by the company’s lower prices than in the industry. However, the element of differentiation is also present such as money back guarantee on beauty products, stores conveniently open 24-hours and exceptional customer service. The company capitalizes on its current broad customer base to provide those services and differentiate itself from a tight competition. Also, traditionally, CVS stores were more consumer oriented, e. g. while Walgreen stores had larger area the CVS stores’ layouts were such that the aisles were wider and shelves lower making shopping more convenient. The same approach was taken by CVS to the on-line sales offering the consumers user friendly intuitive format and live customer support 24/7. Market The market is highly regulated and is subject to established relationships between health care providers and PBMs. Currently the pharmaceutical retail market is divided mostly between large chain stores such as CVS, Walgreen, Rite Aid, etc. The market is rather saturated and the competition is strong on the part of the comparable size players as well as online retailers and supermarkets. The industry faces personnel shortages especially in qualified pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. In the past the industry was strictly regionally dominated with Walgreen dominating the West, Rite Aid was strong in the South and Southeast, and CVS spread throughout the Northeast. However, the CVS broke the balance by advancing into the Rite Aid domain in 1997 creating the nation-wide competition between the companies. The ecommerce forced the major retailers to launch internet based services to compete with the new entrants such as WebMD. om and Drugstore. com. The price war in the cyber space resulted in lowering prices at the retail locations as well as shifted paradigm of in-store pharmacy assistance to the full-blown internet-based services. New short-lived phenomena emerged in a form of acquisitions of PBMs by the drug manufacturers in order to manage drug approval process and gain influence in the prescription drugs sales. However, only one merger (Merck-Medco) survived the attempt. Product CVS offers a combination of health care services such as pharmacy and medical equipment together with general merchandise ranging from beauty products to groceries via retail locations and on-line internet portal. The firms also provides consultative services such as medical plan designs, health management programs, and retail-based health clinics that are staffed primarily by nurse practitioners and physicians assistants treating limited number of common ailments and offering routine vaccinations. Price The prices are lower than the major competitor such as Walgreen. The prescription prices are negotiated with PBMs and other insurance companies. The general merchandise is obtained at wholesale prices and the savings are passed onto the consumers aiding to sustain the cost-leadership strategy. Channels of Distribution Online sales via cvs. com and over 4,000 retail locations. The firm offers automatic refills to be mailed to the consumers. The purchase and refills could be done via the telephone or on-line. Promotion CVS was the first pharmacy retailer to offer both: online shopping and traditional store services. CVS maintains extensive database of customers urchases from which it creates weekly individually tailored coupons for consumers. Also, CVS was the first retailer to offer money-back guarantees on beauty products Key Issues As the costs of healthcare increase proportionally to the aging population and slowing economy, the CVS’ main issue is the retention and growth of its market share. Historically, the CVS has been pursuing the Co st Leadership Strategy and only recently, facing the fierce competition from other players in the industry, CVS introduced the elements of differentiation such as MinuteClinic services, 24 hour locations, and 24/7 customer service. The mix of strategies might reduce the firm’s liquidity and stagnate its further expansion necessary to secure its market share. Boston Consulting Group Growth Share Matrix Clearly, CVS belongs to the Cash Cow section of the BCG Matrix. The aging population and health care demands contribute to the industry stable growth in terms of both market and sales. By the 2010, total annual sales should surpass $200 billion, with most of this growth claimed by chain pharmacies. In such a market the large players have slowly emerged and are in the position to protect their consumer base via mergers and acquisitions of the new and independent entrants. Thus CVS’ management team should concentrate on increasing market share and consider further expansion in both retail stores and in the on-line operations. Recommendations Securing market share and further expansion should be CVS first priority. Thus, in addition to maintaining the low cost advantage, the firm should invest into the ecommerce marketing to compete successfully with on-line retailers. These new services should be based on a rigorous research of consumer preferences, economic analysis, monitoring demographics as well as pay steadfast attention on competition that could use cost advantage strategy to attain the CVS market share through a system of discounts and special deals with PBRs. Thus, the firm’s pricing policy should be flexible enough as not to discourage the price-sensitive consumers and yet allow the company to sustain ever increasing product and service development costs. Also, mergers and acquisitions could be used by the company to its advantage. That would be following into footsteps of the CVS recent acquirement of Arbor Drug and Revco and comparable transactions performed by the CVS competitors such as Rite Aid acquiring Marco, Thrifty Payless, and K. The M practices make sense as they reduce competition, increase the customer base, and provide convenient locations for the existing customers. One of the main points in this respect is the necessity to create a unified customer database similar to the one operated by Walgreens that allow customers to access their prescriptions from any CVS store.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Five Tips for Getting a Tax Refund Quickly

Five Tips for Getting a Tax Refund Quickly Here are answers to some of the questions people ask most often about how to get tax refunds from the IRS quickly, accurately, and easily . Tax Return Tips File electronicallyCheck your return carefully for errors and sign it before submitting it to the IRSHave your refund directly deposited into your bank accountCheck the status of your return with the IRS’ â€Å"Where’s My Refund?† online tool When Will You Get Your Refund? How quickly you receive your tax refund depends on how you filed your return, and whether you completed it accurately. If you filed a paper tax return, in most cases it could tax the IRS up to 21 days from the date it receives your paperwork to issue your tax return. If you want your tax refund more quickly, file your return electronically. The IRS typically issues tax refunds to electronic filers within three weeks. The sooner you file your return, the sooner you’ll get your refund. Filing early also reduces the risk of having your refund stolen. Tax refund theft is a growing problem that occurs when someone steals your personal information and uses it to file a fake return under your name and Social Security number and pocket the refund. If you are one of the millions of Americans who had or may have had their information stolen in any of the recent data breaches, be sure to file as soon as possible. While the IRS will work to straighten out refund theft, it can delay your refund by months. How Can You Check the Status of Your Tax Refund? The fastest and easiest way to track your tax refund is to use the IRS Wheres My Refund? tool on the IRS.gov home page. To check the status of your tax refund online you will need your Social Security number, filing status, and the exact whole dollar amount of your refund shown on your return. You can also check the status of your tax refund by calling the IRS Refund Hotline at (800) 829-1954. You will need to provide your Social Security number, your filing status, and the exact whole dollar amount of the refund shown on your return. What Options Do You Have to Receive Your Tax Return? The quickest way to get your tax refund into your bank account is to have it direct-deposited. But the IRS will also issue a paper check or, if you choose, U.S. Savings Bonds. You can use your refund to buy up to $5,000 in U.S. Series I savings bonds in multiples of $50. What If You Dont Get a Tax Refund or the Amount Is Wrong? If you get a tax refund that you either werent expecting or is larger that you expected, do not immediately cash the check. The IRS recommends taxpayers wait for a notice explaining the difference, and then follow the instructions on that notice. If your tax refund isnt a big as you thought it should have been, go ahead and cash the check. The IRS may determine later that you are owed more and send a separate check. If you want to contest the amount of your tax refund, wait two weeks after receiving the refund, then call (800) 829-1040. If you didnt get a tax refund or lost or accidentally destroyed it, you can file an online claim at Wheres My Refund for a replacement check if its been more than 28 days from the date that your refund was mailed. What Else Can You Do to Make Sure You Get Your Tax Refund Quickly? Make sure to check your return before sending it. Errors can stall the delivery or your tax refund. The most common tax return errors, according to the IRS, are writing incorrect Social Security numbers or forgetting to enter them altogether; miscalculating the tax owed based on taxable income and marital status; entering data on the wrong lines of the form; and basic math mistakes.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The Analytical essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Analytical - Essay Example I joined the job as a volunteer in [...]. As I was eager to meet new people, I welcomed the job as a positive influence in my life. While some of my co-workers complained about their work hours and wages, I was just too glad and grateful to mind these minor hiccups. Working gave me a sense of independence. As an employed person I had more responsibility, I could take greater initiative and in an individual capacity, rather than a member of my family or community, as was the case before. There is an immense sense of self-worth and satisfaction that comes with being entrusted with work and I took too this responsibility with a lot of seriousness. Apart from my feelings of self-worth, which improved greatly because of my work, the job benefitted me in other ways. I was suddenly meeting people of all ages and backgrounds who were either suffering themselves or who had family members who were in pain. This exposure to the greater human condition allowed to me to feel for and extend compassion to people who were different from me. I believe that this exposure at my job was crucial in making me the more broad-minded person that I am today. From a practical perspective, working in something as complex as the pharmaceutical industry helped me understand how big corporations and the professional world worked. The job knowledge I gained in the specific field of pharmaceuticals was not the only thing I learned. I grew more aware about how various organisations and authorities worked in our society. This led to a redefining of my ethics. Earlier, I was not very aware of the ills of the pharmaceutical industry, or any other industry in fact. However, because of my insider’s position, I could now see the various drawbacks of big corporations and the frequent malpractices that harmed common individuals. My complete faith in hospitals, the government, and a greater moral order in general were questioned. In

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Implementing The Learning Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Implementing The Learning Organization - Essay Example One of the key components of a Learning Organization is a commitment to lifelong learning (Stinson, Pearson, & Lucas, 2006, p. 309). The rapid pace of change in technology, medicine, and education demands that a successful organization places a value on learning and makes adequate time for it to take place. Placing learning at the forefront of an organization's priorities characterizes it as a Learning Organization. At Booz Allen, a strategy consulting firm, they have a program called Discover Booz Allen. Senior executives have informal chats with junior colleagues on management techniques and insights into career success throughout a yearlong immersion process (Holistic approach to learning, 2006, p. 28). According to Stinson et al. (2006) to facilitate this type of learning, "[...] learning time must be protected" (p. 311). This commitment to learning creates an atmosphere for the successful Learning Organization to cultivate the key disciplines that are at the heart of the philoso phy. The Learning Organization revolves around the principles of not just what we learn, but how we learn. To motivate people to learn in this new environment, the needs of the organization need to be kept central to the process. A common shared vision among all members is the ability to envision a mutual goal which provides the framework, force, and energy for all learning to take place (Kezar, 2005, p.12). This vision is not a strategic plan or management mission statement. It is a vision that is created by the mutual understanding of all the members of the group, and contributes to the picture of the future of the organization (Giesecke & McNeil, 2004, p. 58). In this way each individual member of the group will be able to incorporate the vision into their daily activities. When there is a common view of the future and a mutual understanding of the purpose of the organization, learning can begin to take place. Though learning takes place at the individual level, it is team learning that is most effective. According to Senge (1990), 'Team learning is vital because teams, not individuals, are the fundamental learning unit in modern organizations. . . unless teams can learn, the organization cannot learn" (as cited in Stinson et al., 2006, p. 311). In the team environment, individuals must put aside assumptions and previously held notions and be open to new ideas as more creativity can come from a team than can be generated by the individuals (Giesecke & McNeil, 2004, p. 58). Within the structure of the team, each member must be open to self-examination and begin the process of critically evaluating what they believe to be true. Through the discipline of mental models, the individual turns inward and begins as Stinson et al. (2006) states, "learning to unearth our internal pictures of the world, to bring them to the surface and hold them up rigorously to scrutiny" (p. 310). This is an ongoing process that that is a part of lifelong learning. It is the understanding of our own vision and views, yet takes into account that others may have alternative views that are valid, valuable, and can contribute to the shared vision (Kezar, 2005, p. 19). Only when the limitations and barriers to learning are broken can true

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Feminism and Politics Today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Feminism and Politics Today - Essay Example Feminists from England, France, and the US have had a significant success in involving women in organizations entrusted with decision-making. However, there has been an increased female participation in politics in many parts of Europe. These participations have given rise to a reduction in domestic violence, promotion of divorce rights, and child custody rights over the last four decades. In Ugandan, women had a different technique of growing their political participation. At the time guerrilla war between 1981-5, women used a major contribution (Finley & Stringer 2010). These women put in place policies that favored them too and, as a result, it made them at par with men in decision-making positions. The problem of marriages in India has for a long time become a question of concern for most Indian women. Marriage related deaths have been on the rise, and this made the Indian feminists fight for equal marriage rights. Initially, men had a lot of favors in matters of marriage. They e njoyed marriage rights that deprived women of their rights too. Apart from marriage rights, For example, Indian feminists fought for property, marriage, and divorce rights that favored men for a long time. As a result, in 1934, a bill was passed that protects the rights of women, and this was achieved to change the order that had existed for a long time. In Mexico, women joined organizations that inculcated in them public confidence. The confidence they gained helped them to argue courageously out their rights (Glenn 2010).

Friday, November 15, 2019

Concepts Of Medicine Adherence And Its Economic Burden Nursing Essay

Concepts Of Medicine Adherence And Its Economic Burden Nursing Essay Even though 45% of all medications prescribed in the UK are for older people, it is postulated that up to 50% of older people are non-compliant with their medication (SCIE, 2005). The prescription of various medicines is central to medical care and the overall drug costs account to about 10 percent of NHS expenditures. Surveys carried out in literature enlighten us with the fact that approximately 30% to 50% of patients do not use of take their medications as recommended by their prescriber. (1). Statistics show that in 2007- 2008, the NHS in England spent  £8.1 billion on drugs if as many as 50% of the patients dont take their medications as recommended, this could mean that  £4 billion worth of medicines were incorrectly used (2) . Furthermore the additional cost of unused or unwanted medicines within NHS totals up to  £100 million each year. On top of that the estimated drug cost of unused or unwanted medicines in the NHS is around  £100 million annually (3). A Cochrane review Interventions for enhancing medication adherence concluded that improving medicines taking may have a far greater impact on clinical outcomes than an improvement in treatments (4). Therefore if the prescription is inappropriate in the first place it not only translates as a loss to patient but also involves the healthcare system and the society. The costs included here are both personal and economic. Concepts of Adherence and terminology There are three major terms which are commonly used in the literature to describe medication-taking behaviours i.e Compliance, Adherence and Concordance (5). According to Pound (6) initially, the term compliance was used to illustrate the medication taking behaviour, which was then replaced by the term concordance. The term compliance came into disfavour because it suggested that a person is passively following a doctors orders, rather than actively collaborating in the treatment process (3) Whereas concordance refers to the anticipated outcome of the consultation between doctors and patients about medicine taking It is viewed as successful prescribing and medication taking based on the partnership with the patient (6). However the most current, fashionable and accepted terminology is adherence, which is defined by McElnay (7) , as the extent to which a persons behaviour (in) in terms of taking medicines, following diets or executing lifestyle changes, coincides with advice given by health care professionals Adherence shifts the balance between professional and patient about the prescribers recommendations. Pound (6) states that the above mentioned three terminologies tend to be used interchangeably but are incorrectly applied. Adherence can be viewed as the central aim, concordance is the process used to apply the central aim compliance is the outcome of the process. The benefits of medication might be restricted thereby causing a further deterioration in health as a consequence of non-adherence. . On top of this the economic costs do not only translate to wasted medicines only but also include the knock on costs which arise from increased demands for healthcare if (on the whole) health deteriorates. It is hence due to this reason that non-adherence is a major issue and should not only be seen as the patients dilemma. A fundamental drawback is represented in the provision of the healthcare, which is often due to a failure in completely agreeing with the prescription in the first place or to recognise the appropriate support that the patients might require later on during the treatment. Hence addressing non-adherence is by no means about getting patients to take additional medicines. Therefore tackling the issue of non-adherence involves the initial understanding of patients opinion on the medicine and then the various reasons to as why they are/m ight be reluctant or unable to use them. Causes of non-adherence There are many causes of non-adherence however they fall into two main overlapping categories i.e intentional and unintentional. Both types relate to the lack of an established pattern of medication taking which led to the incidental omission of medicines and may be experienced concurrently (8). Purposeful or intentional non-adherence occurs when a patient makes a specific decision not to take the prescribed medication. The anticipation of drug-related side effects and general dislike of taking medicines are common causes of intentional non-adherence (9). While accidental or unintentional non-adherence occurs as a result of forgetting or misunderstanding instructions about the drug schedule .Unintentional non-adherence is proposed to be range from a random departure to medication omissions from a prescribed treatment regimen (10). Hence the main features of unintentional non-adherence focuses on altering medication contingent on self assessment or perceptions of mental health, stress or anxiety, forgetting to take medicines or simply altering the doses of medicines to fit in with daily chores. A research carried out by Svensson (10) Kippen (11) showed that older people adherent with their medication often link the administration of medication to specific lifestyle events, location, time, and patterns of daily activities. Below table 1.3.1 shows the common perceptions and characteristics of adherent and non adherent medication taking behaviors. Table 1: Shows common perceptions and characteristics of adherent and non adherent medication taking behaviours. Perceptions related to medication taking behavior Intentional Non-adherence Unintentional Non-adherence Feeling unnatural taking medicines Fears of prescribing errors/addiction Life style change/ Disruption to daily routine Adverse effects of medicines Lack of faith in the prescriber Drug related memory loss/ Forgetfulness Long term risks of medicines Failure to accept diagnosis Altering dosing regimen Past experience of medicines Dislike of taking medicines Being asymptomatic Lack of comprehension of the need to take medicines. Testing medicines against symptoms Period of illness Vulnerable group of people Of all the age groups, medication taking behaviour in older people is of the highest concern. This is due to multiple reasons as described by Huges (12). Firstly, older people are highly likely to suffer from multiple diseases. Secondly, older people frequently administer three or more medicines concurrently to manage these conditions and third as a result of poly pharmacy, they are increasingly likely to mismanage their medicines (13). Furthermore, research shows the following as different lay beliefs by older people on medicine taking The need to reduce the symptoms of hypertension, to feel physically better (14). Fear of complications and desire to control blood pressure (10). Positive confidence in the prescriber (15). Apart from the elderly, another age group, where non- adherence is becoming a significant problem is in the pediatric population. In one of the studies carried out by Bush (16) it has been shown that one-third of the children in grades 3 to 7 reported they had used one or more prescription or non prescription medications in a 48 hour period. Adherence plans for children often require innovative approaches to encourage active participation in caring for their own health and how to use their medications appropriately. Consequences of medication non-adherence No matter how much critical the conditions are a patient might stick to his medication regimen, thus reflecting a loss of the health care system with increased use of medical resources, such as GP visits, unnecessary additional treatments, emergency department visits and hospital admissions. One of the recent research shows that about 3-4% of UK hospital admissions are as a result of avoidable medicine related illness (17) between 11 and 30 % of these admissions result from patients who dont use their medicines as recommended by their prescriber (3). In a similar manner, in 2006-2007, figures show that that the NHS expenditures on hospital admissions (excluding critical care costs) was approximately about  £ 16.4 billion (18). And the estimated costs of admissions, within the same year i.e. 2006 2007, resulting from patients not taking their medicines as recommended was found to be between  £36 and  £196 million respectively (18). Hence a reduction in these admissions and associated costs would be expected as the overall medicines adherence increases. Factors affecting medication adherence In accordance to WHO some of the main common factors reported to have a significant effect on adherence include: poverty, low level of education, illiteracy, poor socioeconomic status, unemployment, unstable living conditions, lack of effective social support networks, long distance from treatment centre, high cost of medication, changing environmental situations, high cost of transport, family related issues and culture lay beliefs about illness and treatment. In accordance to WHO the common belief of patients being the sole responsible for taking their treatment is misleading and most often reflects a misunderstanding of how other factors affect peoples behaviour and the capacity to adhere to their treatment. Adherence, in short, is a multidimensional phenomenon which is determined by the interplay of five different sets of factors, each of which are termed as dimension by WHO (5) . Each of these dimensions are listed as under and shall be discussed in detail Social/ economic factors Provider-patient/ health care system factors Condition related factors Therapy-related factors Patient related factors Social and economic dimension It includes limited access to health care facilities, medication costs, low health literacy, limited English language proficiency, unstable living conditions (homelessness), lack of family/social support network, and cultural beliefs about illness and treatment. Among these factors few shall be discussed in detail as under English language proficiency Both low health literacy and limited English language proficiency are barriers to adherence that deserve special consideration. Health literacy can be defined as the ability to read, understand and act on health information so that appropriate health decisions can be made. The risk of unsafe use of prescription medicine, is high among people with low health literacy and limited proficiency in English language due to the complex nature of the printed information that is available and because these people often do not receive adequate verbal communication or sufficient time from health care providers. Older adults with low health literacy may have trouble reading health information materials, understanding basic medical instructions, following prevention recommendations and adhering to medication regimens. Social factors Medication adherence is positively associated with social support and the availability of help from family and friends. Better outcome to treatment is observed in people who have social support from their friends/family (who assist them with their medication regimens) Cultural beliefs and attitudes Adherence to therapy, may overall be affected as a consequence of different attitudes which the patient may have towards health and medicine. Addressing these issues by the health care professionals is of prime importance so that the patients can get the most out of their medicines without compromising their health In case of adults, different components of health and healing cannot be explained by no one list. Therefore each individual must be considered on individual basis. Two major key components are requisite i.e asking non-judgmental questions listening, when it comes down to understanding the process of gaining an insight into patients beliefs (regarding health and healing) Patients belonging from various ethnic minorities bring along their practices in the health care system. This sometimes puts the health care professionals at test, who have been professionally trained in the light of western philosophy and medicine. Although groups of people may have beliefs or practices in common, yet that doesnt mean that they all can be classified under the same category. Within groups , the major differentiating factors include health status, educational level, sexual orientation etc (5). Respect Taking care of elder patients who belong from such backgrounds where they receive a great amount of respect (e.g. British Asian community ) should involve the element of respect combined with kindness. If they are approached with an attitude that consists even a tiny fraction of scolding or telling off, they might show resentment towards the adherence of medicine even though it may put their lives at risk. Therefore to put such patients at relieve it is of prime importance to show respect towards them . Traditional therapies and cause of illness Literature shows that two components such as religion and spirituality can play a vital role in the overall understanding of illness in its broadest sense among older people (19). The will of God for an improper behaviour, exposure to cold wind, natural causes etc are all different factors which older patients believe are major culprits for causing illness (20). This consequently leads them in such a situation where they end up giving God a chance to heal them or alternatively they seek help from a folk healer, try home remedies or pray for the treatment of their illness. An excellent example of this can be viewed within the Chinese culture where health may be seen as finding norm between ying yang, which is much more like hot and cold (21). Now patients who follow Chinese health belief may try such approaches which targets at restoring the balance between ying and yang (using different varieties of food and herbs). Likewise, some Asian ethnic groups rely solely on traditional remed ies for the treatment of long term conditions (21). At this stage it is also important to mention that the patient may not be cooperative if he believes that the health care provider may disapprove information surrounding the use of non-traditional remedies. This may ultimately lead to different interactions with the prescribed medications. Medication For some patients the preference lies in the dosage form or the size or colour of the medication. For example some cultures in Latin America view injections as more potent in comparison to oral medications. Likewise it is believed that Western medications are too strong by Chinese older patients hence therefore they might choose to not take the full dose of medicine (22). Health care system dimensions It includes different factors such as provider-patient relationship, provider communication skills, patient information materials written at too high literacy level, restricted formularies (changing medications covered on formularies), poor access or missed appointments, long waiting time and lack of continuity of care (23). The quality of the HCP-patient relationship is one of the most important health care system-related factors impacting adherence. Adherence to medicines can be increased as a result of good relationship between the patient and the HCP (which features the element of reinforcement and encouragement from the HCP), however there are many factors which have negative effect (24). These include lack of training and knowledge for health care providers on managing chronic diseases, lack of incentives and feedback on performance, poor medication distribution systems, short consultations, overworked health care providers, weak capacity of the system to educate patients and provide follow up, lack of knowledge on adherence and of effective interventions for improving it. Condition related dimensions It includes Psychotic disorders, severity of symptoms, chronic conditions, depression, lack of symptoms, mental retardation (25). Among these factors few shall be discussed in detail as under Chronic conditions and lack of symptoms Information within literature supports the fact that adherence to such treatment options (often declines as the time progresses) where medications have to be taken on an unlimited basis for the management of a chronic ailment. Example of two perfect clinical conditions which would fit into this profile include high BP and osteoporosis (26) , in which the symptoms are totally invisible to the patient. Furthermore, in the absence of symptoms these ailments lack the cues which would motivate the patient to adhere towards his treatment regimen. Depression A study carried out by Krueger (28) showed significantly lower rates of medication adherence among people with chronic illnesses and who are depressed. It is therefore crucial for the HCPs to be aware of the devastating impact, depression has on adherence consequently on regular basis should assess older patients who are sad all the time or who report symptoms of sleeping disturbances to eliminate the possibility of clinical depression. The slow onset of the pharmacological actions posed by different classes of antidepressants is classified as one of the major factor that contributes towards decreased adherence among elder patients. Adding on to that if the patient begins to experience the side effects (before even the symptoms are relieved), might consequence discontinuation of the therapy at a very early stage. In a similar fashion, a research conducted by Kemyttenaere (29) shows that once the patients (suffering from depression) start feeling bette,r they might stop the antidepre ssant therapy midway. Psychotic disorders A patients experience with unpleasant side effects is mainly one of the key causes which drives them from continuing their antipsychotic therapy. Literature shows that interventions which focus mainly on the persons attitude and beliefs about medications 9rather than on the knowledge) helps improve adherence. The addition of two key ingredients i.e Behavioral techniques motivational interviewing within compliance therapies, have proven to be very effective in improving medicines adherence among patients who suffer from psychotic disorders (31). Therapy related factors/dimensions It can be sub-divided into other different factors such as duration of therapy, lack of immediate benefit of therapy, frequent changes in medication regimen, actual or perceived unpleasant side effects, medications with social stigma attached to use, treatment requires mastery of certain techniques, complexity of medication regimen and treatment interferes with lifestyle or requires significant behavioural changes. Research by Tabor (32) Krueger (27) showed that decreased adherence is associated with medications with a social stigma attached to its use and with medications which require following complex regimen ( e.g. duration of therapy, number of daily doses required, or therapies that interfere with a persons lifestyle. Adherence can also be affected by other factors e.g. if administration of a medication requires the mastery of specific techniques like injections (32). In a similar fashion, when medications such as antidepressants are slow to produce effects, the patients/older person may believe that the medication is not working and might stop taking it. Likewise the side effects of a medication too can lower adherence if the patients start believing that they cannot manage or control them (25). Patient related factors/dimensions They can be sub-divided into two major factors i.e psychological/behavioral factors and physical factors. Psychological factors include fear of dependence or possible adverse effects, knowledge about disease, motivation, perceived risk to disease benefit of treatment, understanding reason of medication need, confidence in ability to follow treatment, feeling stigmatized by the disease, frustration with health care providers , psychosocial stress, expectations towards treatment and substance (alcohol) abuse. Physical factors include issues like swallowing problems, hearing, visual cognitive impairments and impaired dexterity or mobility. Few of these physical and psychological factors can be discussed in detail as under: Psychological factors that influence adherence The WHO proposes a foundation model for medication adherence which is based on three major factors i.e. motivation, information and behavioural change. Behavioural change has been found to be influenced effectively by making interventions based on this model (33). In accordance to WHO, adherence and non-adherence are different behaviours. In order to change behaviour, information is a prerequisite, but in itself it is insufficient to achieve this change. Hence at this stage behavioural and motivational skills are critical determinants. Motivation and information work largely through the behavioural skills to produce an impact on the behaviour. However, when the behavioural skills are uncomplicated or are familiar, the two aspects i.e motivation and information can produce a direct effect on the behaviour (33). Physical Factors that influence adherence The risk for non-adherence among older patients is increased due to physical and cognitive limitations. Visual Impairment Decreased ability to perform activities of daily living and an increased risk for depression is associated with vision impairment (34), (35). Furthermore there are many other medication safety issues associated with vision loss. A persons ability to read patient information leaflets, prescription labels, determine the colour and markings distinguishing a medication is affected by low vision and blindness. Therefore consequently people who cannot read prescription labels or distinguish among different medications have to rely on their memory or depend on someone else for help and hence may not be able to take their medications correctly. Hearing Impairment Hearing loss is directly related with age. The natural aging process not only affects the ability to detect sounds at lower levels but also the capability to understand speech at a normal conversation level (36). This condition does gets worse with age and is progressive. It is therefore important to not assume when a deaf person nods his head in acknowledgement that he/she has understood, as he/she might be relying on a family member or a companion to explain later (36). Impaired Mobility Older patients with poor mobility may have difficulty in self administration of medicines or in obtaining medicines from the pharmacy (37). Cognitive Impairment Poor medication adherence is associated with Impaired cognition (25). Elderly patients with memory problems and cognitive impairment may have difficulty in understanding when to take, how to take or how much to take their medications. Others factors also include as swallowing difficulties and impaired dexterity. PREDICTORS OF medication non-adherence Predictors of medication non-adherence can be a useful tool in the improvement of medicine adherence among older adults. Few of the non-adherence warning signs (38) include failure to fill in a new prescription, failure to fill in prescription for choric medication or failure to obtain refills as often as expected for medications taken on chronic basis. Below are some of the more common predictors of medicines non-adherence (38): Forgetfulness Lower cognitive function or cognitive impairment. Lack of insight into illness Lack of belief in benefit of treatment. Belief that medications are not important or are harmful. Complexity of medication regimen Tied of taking medications. Inconvenience of medication regimen. Side effects or fear of medication side effects. Missed Appointments. Substance Abuse Limited English language proficiency. Role of NICE (National Institute of Clinical Excellence): The issue of non-adherence to medicine is a very important issue in its own essence. After assessing and understanding the impact of non adherence on the NHS the NICE (National Institute of Clinical Excellence ) came into action and published a guidance in January 2009 (Medicines Adherence: Involving patients in decisions about prescribed medicines and supporting adherence) to tackle and address this core issue (of non adherence). Before moving further it would be essential here to describe the role of NICE in terms of its function. NICE was established as a special health authority on 1st April, 1999 is an independent organisation that provides national guidance on promotion of good health and prevention and treatment of ill health in England and Wales (39). The institutes main purpose is to offer NHS health care professional advice on how to provide patients with the maximum attainable standards of care and to decrease the variation in the quality of care . Furthermore, NICE is not part of the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (which assess the efficacy and safety of drugs), only licensed drugs on the basis of their added value relative to existing practice in the NHS are assessed by NICE (40). It has four programmes that produce guidance which are mentioned as under (39): Public health guidance Clinical Guidelines Interventional procedures Health technology appraisals ( for surgical interventions, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, etc) Most programmes take into account both the elements of cost-effectiveness (how well an intervention works relative to its cost) and effectiveness (how well an intervention works) NICE has an annual budget of 33 million pounds annually with over 250 full-time staff members working at offices based in London Manchester. The processes NICE uses in the development of its guidance are highly consultative, evidence based and transparent. It also involves all relevant stakeholders, including policy makers, health professional managers, specialist, academics, representatives of health care industries, general public and patients (39). The guidance that NICE produced to address the issue of medicine adherence was CG76 Medicines Adherence: Involving patients in decisions about prescribed medicines and supporting adherence. This guideline was produced taking into account the patients views as to what they perceive as barriers to effective medicines adherence and thus encourages healthcare professionals to have a discussion with patients about their prescribed treatment especially for long term conditions. In addition to this the guidelines also open a pathway for dialogue and negotiation between the patient and the health care professional regarding their medication. A quick summary of the guidelines is as mentioned below Summary of the NICE guidelines Bullet-points below quote from summarise recommendations from the CG76 guidelines (41). The key recommendations from NICE guidelines are as under Table 1: Shows the key recommendations from NICE CG76 guidelines. Involving Patients: Improve communication with patients Increase patient involvement in the decision making process about their medicines. Understand the patients perspective on their condition and possible treatments. Provide information about their condition and possible treatments. Supporting Adherence: Assess adherence levels Identify adherence issues Address adherence issues Review medication and its effective use Improve communication between health care professionals in the care pathway. From www.nice.org.uk/pdf/CG76fullguidelines.pdp Significance of the Study Community Pharmacists are the health care professionals which are most readily accessible to the general public and therefore continue to be the first line of Healthcare. They are experts on medicines and represent an important link in the chain of the health care professional team. Thus the main objective of this research project will be to provide a new insight as to what the community pharmacists reflect/perceive about these NICE CG76 guidelines. Hence their views and opinions will be assessed and analysed with regards to these NICE recommendations (as this would help in the implementation process). Any differences in the views of the pharmacists or any disagreement on the effectiveness of the NICE guidelines would mean that further investigation could be required to improve or update these recommendations. Hypothesis: H0 = There will be no statistically significant relationship between the years of experience of the pharmacists and the awareness of NICE CG76 guidelines. H1 = There will be a statistically significant relationship between the years of experience of the pharmacists and the awareness of NICE CG76 guidelines. H0 = Majority of the community pharmacists will not agree (on to a large extent) that CG76 recommendations have been effective in the improvement of medicines adherence among their patients. H1 = Majority of the community pharmacists will agree (on to a large extent) that CG76 recommendations have been effective in the improvement of medicines adherence among their patients.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Analyse Vernacular Architecture In Achieving Sustainable Built Environment Environmental Sciences Essay

Energy restraint and planetary heating are going the cardinal challenges encountered by the universe today. Major sum of energy is being used by the edifice sector for accomplishing comfy thermic conditions. Fifty per cent of energy ingestion is due to edifices. ( Melet, n.d. , p.06 ) . Demand for Energy is increasing quickly. The U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) in its ( IEO, 2011 ) International Energy Outlook 2011: provinces that universe energy ingestion grows by 53 % from 2008 to 2035. â€Å" The U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) is the statistical and analytical bureau within the U.S. Department of Energy. It surveies and broadcasts energy information to do proper determinations sing energy efficiency, public apprehension of energy use and proper policymaking † . ( EIA, September 19, 2011 ) . Sustainable and climate antiphonal architecture offers executable solutions to these challenges. Since the pre-industrial epoch Global heating is one of constituents which led to Environmental Degradation. Global warming which has risen by 0.7 °C since the last 300 old ages is likely to be increased by up to 8 °C by 2050 harmonizing to the ( IPCC, 2007 ) . IPCC i.e. intergovernmental panel on clime alteration is a prima administration for the appraisal of clime alteration. It besides states that about 90 % of the heating in the nice decennaries is caused by energy related human activities, chiefly because of CO2 emanations due to the combustion of fossil fuels. ( IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, 2007 ) .Thus there is a demand for pressing action to plan edifices to protect us from the effects of clime alteration and planetary heating. â€Å" We have to cognize from where we are coming to cognize where we are traveling † – Charles Correa. There is a demand to transform the past cognition to move as a accelerator for the hereafter. Tradition and Modernity are two sides of the same coin and must be dealt with at the same time. Some of the Architects who have used this into practicality are given. Hassan Fathy did non utilize any hi-techniques of air-conditioning, alternatively harmonizing to him it is really of import to analyze and understand natural physical belongingss of heat, air current and H2O which are the natural environment controls. It is really of import to cognize how native stuffs can be improved and developed via new techniques, to run into the present twenty-four hours demands. Francisco Bobby Manosa feels that biass against older stuffs can be overcome and exciting new perchance can be created. Charles Correa via his design doctrine of transportation and transmutation re-integrates many older cardinal thoughts, into his modern designs, which recognises the jobs of today, yet show a deep regard for India ‘s civilization and tradition. ( Pearson, 1994, p.122-124 ) . The new Architecture has its roots deep in Vernacular tradition, which is rich in messages that are going more and more relevant to our time- messages that help us retrieve humbleness and a belonging to the Earth ( Pearson, 1994, p.08 ) . For 100 of old ages common builders have managed to construct utilizing little sum of available energy resources without impacting the environing environment, therefore utilizing it in a sustainable mode. These patterns should be used in the conventional architectural pattern of today, which are accountable for Environmental crisis. In the thick of great technological, environmental and political alteration over the past decennaries, the slang has become extremely relevant over the past decennaries either as a technological illustration, or as a politically strategic component. Given that architecture is necessarily connected to technological developments, environmental issues and political alteration, common architecture has therefore become a cardinal construct in Architectural theory and Practice. ( Arboleda, n.d. ) .Introduction:The appraisal of energy and comfort conditions is the most of import factor in finding the architectural procedure. Energy efficiency and renewable energy are the most of import facet of sustainable design. Even clime and environmental conditions play a major function in a edifice design. The chief intent of planing a edifice is to make suited status for human comfort. Traditional builders used limited and of course available stuffs to accomplish comfort and clime was the major lendi ng factor in traditional edifice techniques. Due to the of all time turning planetary concern, usage of energy and restriction of resources it is the duty of an designer to plan edifices which are sustainable. For making sustainable edifice it is really indispensable to determine the rudimentss from where this scientific discipline originated. There hence arises a demand to look back in the yesteryear as how our ascendants built their ain places taking attention of map, faith, societal and religious values and above all accommodating to the clime for doing a comfy life. So it is really of import to analyze from the past traditional constructions built by our ascendants without the usage of modern engineering and to do usage of it in the present scenario for doing sustainable built environment. The survey of history of common edifices has demonstrated throughout that the edifices have outstanding sustainability, whilst notional architectural signifiers do non ; they are pleasant and are to continue the cultural messages they convey. ( Ryan, 2011, p.51 ) . Harmonizing to ( Arboleda, n.d. ) , over the last decennary Vernacular surveies have become established in the mainstream architectural discourse due to the following 3 grounds: Global Communication engineerings: Since the 1960 ‘s there has been a great consciousness among designers because of the easy and extended entree to the cognition of traditional communities Global Environmental Crisis: Contemporary involvement in this topic has arisen due to resource depletion, planetary heating and energy crisis. Global Politicss: Common Architecture is a valuable tool in the ethno political relations. It is a key in ethnically sensitive undertakings, therefore keeping the cultural individuality. Due to these ethno sensitive plans traditional elements are used in the devising of new constructions but by overhauling or re-engineering it, therefore doing it modern Vernacular or neo-Vernacular.The Meaning of Vernacular Architecture:â€Å" The term common originates from the Latin word vernaculus which means local, natural or original developed from Verna, intending â€Å" native slave † or â€Å" home-born slave † . The Numberss of factors which define a common edifice are based upon clip immemorial edifice techniques, usage of of course available stuffs, besides location of the edifices and its use. It is passed on by the word of oral cavity, and stuffs which are readily available. In add-on it is a system invented by the local craftsmen and occupier. Common Architecture can besides be called as a construction created by an amateur without any instruction in this type of planing method. Thus it is a traditional method of edifice which is passed on from coevals to coevals. The method of building is based upon traditional patterns and techniques. It is normally built with the aid of household, kin or builders in the folk and reveals a high degree for workmanship and quality. The map of the edifice is the most governing factor followed by aesthetic consideration and usage of local stuffs. Geographic environment is a really of import factor seen in a typical Vernacular edifice ; a sloping roof surface is made to bear the rainfall, a round house signifier to oppose cyclonal air currents, a thick level clay roof for ice chest interior infinite and to take out the heat of the Sun, an interior courtyard for unfastened infinite. In hot and dry climes, for illustration, edifices were shaded to avoid intolerable summer Sun by tall flora, stone overhangs, or, in level comeuppances, the courtyard edifice signifier. They were placed such that they could besides have the pleasant heat of the winter Sun. ( Pearson, 1994, p.95 ) . This shows that common methods are the most traditional method of edifice constructions which are antiphonal to climate.Factors taking to development of Common signifier:Common edifices are human concepts which are consequences of the interrelatedness between ecological, economical, material, political and societal factors. ( Asquith, L and Vellinga, M ( Ed. ) ,2006, p.110 ) Baker ‘s singular work is seen from the manner he uses environment, traditional methods, comfort, civilization and engineering in his plants. ( Bhatia, 1991, p.3 ) â€Å" There is an imbrication of traditional techniques of climatic conditions and common manners. Historically, practical devices were easy embellished and generalised through repeat to go a portion of an architectural vocabulary, a procedure Charles Correa describes one of the bring forthing ‘forces ‘ of architecture † . Charles Correa tries to integrate cultural values and traditional techniques in his procedure of planing sing the life styles of Indian people. ( Hagan, 2011, p.116 ) Tadao Ando ‘s plant shows composings, which consists of chiefly usage of simple signifiers and seeable usage of concrete stuff. In most of his works the usage of nature, infinite, character, clime, conditions, and cultural background can be clearly seen. He believed that when verdure, H2O and visible radiation is abstracted through nature the signifier becomes sacred. ( Nute, 2004, p.86,87,88 ) Common architecture is influenced a batch by human behavior and environment, taking to different edifice signifiers for every different context. Therefore from the above mentions it is clear that there are assorted factors which lead to the beginning of Common signifier: Climate Materials and engineering Site characteristics Religion Economicss Socio-cultural considerations The factors which straight regulate the signifier are: Climate Socio-cultural considerations Religion The factors which indirectly relate show that they restrict the development of signifier but do non basically modulate the signifier: Materials and engineering Site characteristics Economicss Materials and engineering: It does non needfully specify the signifier of a house. Even if same stuff and engineering is used in a peculiar society yet the signifiers would change depending upon the map and civilization every bit good. Site Consideration: Site characteristics may curtail the house signifier but it does non make up one's mind the signifier. On similar site different house signifiers can be seen whereas on different sites similar house can be seen. Economicss: The economic system may impact the size of the house or type of stuffs and techniques used but does non impact the signifier. A society with same economic conditions may hold different house signifiers due to socio-cultural values. Due to different positions and ideas people with similar economic system may take different house signifiers. Religion: Religion can non wholly find the signifier entirely but plays a direct influence in its rating. Religion can hold a strong influence on the signifier, program, spacial agreements and orientation of the house. Many houses are built harmonizing to spiritual influence of the society. Socio-Cultural Factors: Socio-cultural or traditional methods of utilizing a topographic point can hold direct consequence on make up one's minding the signifier of house. Both physical and socio-cultural facets affect the signifier. The physical scene may supply several possibilities but existent pick gets restricted due to cultural factors. Climate: It is the most of import factor in finding the signifier. Due to different clime in different states the signifier is found to be similar. The hapless thermic public presentation of the edifice in malice of utilizing technologically advanced environment systems suggests that one needs to see the physical environment while bring forthing a edifice signifier. Degree centigrades: UsersadminDesktopPresentation1.jpg Purpose: To analyze Common architecture in accomplishing Sustainable Built Environment for Contemporary constructions.Aim:To analyze the beginning of traditional houses and analyze its sustainability. To analyze traditional edifice stuff, their sustainability and the contrast with modern architecture. To analyze thermic public presentation of Vernacular edifice stuffs. To analyze the function of Building ordinance in the sustainability of traditional edifice building.Research Question:How can traditional methods of architecture be incorporated in modern edifices? How can the resurgence of the slang in the present modern-day architecture aid it to go more sustainable inheriting cultural roots?Methodology:Although Common Architecture is emerging as a really underdeveloped country of survey, still much demands to be done theoretically, metholdologically and through recording and certification, before using it to 21st century. ( Asquith, L and Vellinga, M ( Ed. ) ,2006, p.03 ) Following are the methodological analysiss used for the research. Literature Reappraisal: To read and analyze in deepness about Common Architecture utilizing some of beginnings which includes digital media, web beginnings, books, published diaries in related subjects, scholarly articles and published documents. Qualitative Survey Using Live Case Studies: Conducting the Case survey utilizing â€Å" Roll uping the Evidence † method is used here. ( Yin, 2003, p.83 ) Beginnings of Evidences which will be used here are as follows. Historical Documentation- This type of certification can be done by utilizing informations collected through local libraries or other mention Centres. The paperss could be proposals, advancement studies, internal records, newspaper cuttings and other articles looking in mass media or in newssheets. Interviews- It is the most of import portion of the instance survey. ‘Structured Questions ‘ will be used as a type of interview along the lines of a formal study. Such study can be designed as a portion of instance survey and produce qualitative informations as a portion of the instance survey. ( Yin, 2003, p.91 ) . Here interviews with edifice industry professionals will take topographic point ( if the undertaking is complete ) or interview of workers or directors ( if the site is an ongoing undertaking ) . Post tenancy questionnaire will be prepared for the present residents of the site to cognize their perceptual experience of the site. Post tenancy ratings provide an indicant of major successes and failures in a edifice ‘s public presentation. They can be used to better and explicate the public presentation of a edifice and are utile non merely to the residents and proprietors but besides to the interior decorators, who can larn about both their errors and succ esses and can use these findings to future undertakings. Direct Observation- It includes field visits to cognize some relevant behavior or environmental conditions. Experimental grounds is frequently utile in supplying information about the site. Physical Artefact- Here it could consist of stuff being used on the site or any other physical grounds to happen out the sustainability of the construction. Analyzing Case study Evidence- While analyzing the interviews and the questionnaire some common subjects will be listed and a checklist will be prepared and the selected instance surveies will be evaluated against the subjects in a checklist. Reporting Case Studies: A standard attack called ‘Linear analytical Structure ‘ will be used here. It consists of findings from the informations collected and decisions and deductions from these findings.Work Plan:WeeksActivity1-2 Literature reappraisal: Understanding the background of the subject reading assorted books, diary articles etc. 3-6 Historical Documentation: Collecting informations from assorted beginnings on common Architecture. 7-9 Case survey: It includes both interviews and field work which could be done at the same time. 9-12 Compilation of informations: Review all the collected informations, edit and compile it and re-phrasing it in the signifier of a elaborate thesis study.Possible Result:The chief purpose of the research is to attest and turn out that Common architecture is a solution for todays Sustainable Design rules. The common architectural surveies will supply utile penetrations for planing modern-day constructions by taking groundss form the Vernacular constructions of the past.It besides aims to look into schemes which could be cost effectual in building and specification.The concluding result will be in a signifier of decision study from the instance surveies which will assist in planing modern-day construction utilizing climate antiphonal design constructs.Mentions:Arboleda, Gabriel. ( n.d. ) . Traditional, slang and cultural architectures from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vernaculararchitecture.com/ Asquith, L. , Vellinga, M. ( Ed. ) . ( 2006 ) . Verncaular Architecture in the 21st century: theory, instruction and pattern. Abingdon, Oxon. , USA and Canada: Taylor and Francis. Bhatia, Gautam. ( 1991 ) . Laurie Baker: life, work, writtings. New Delhi, India. , London, UK. , USA, Victoria, Australia. , Ontario, Canada. , Aukland, Newzealand: Penguin books. Eia Independent statics and Analysis: U.S. energy information disposal. ( september 19, 2011 ) from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eia.gov/forecast/ieo/index.com/ Mellet, Ed. ( n.d. ) . Sustainable Architecture: Towards a diverse built environment: NAI Publishers. Nute, K. ( 2004 ) . Topographic point, clip and being in Nipponese architecture. New Felter lane, London. , USA and Canada: Routhedge. Pearson, David. ( 1994 ) . Earth to spirit: in hunt of natural architecture. London, U.K. : Gaia Books limited. Parry, M.L. , Canziani, O.F. , Palutikof, J.P. , Vander, Linden. , Hanson, C.E. ( Ed. ) . Climate Change 2007: Impacts, version and exposure. Cambridge university imperativeness from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_fourth_assessment_report_wg2_report_impacts_adaptation_and_vulnerability.htm Ryan, Carol. ( 2011 ) . Traditional building for Sustainable Future. Abingdon, Oxon. , USA and Canada: Spon Press. Susannah, Hagan. ( 2001 ) . Taking form: A new contract between Architecture and Nature.Jordan, Oxford: Architectural Press. Yin, R.K. ( 2003 ) . Case study Research: Design and methods. Thousand Oaks, California. , London, UK. , New Delhi, London: Sage Publication Inc.