Financial Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Money related Services - Essay Example ave expected new points of view with the majority of the warning administrations being centered around advertising explicit money related items to the clients as opposed to featuring the possible advantages, extension and productivity of various items. The budgetary counsel gets commission dependent on the deals of the particular money related item. Taking into account this absence of straightforwardness and expanding variety in money related charges by specialist co-ops are viewed as the essential purpose for the surrounding of the Retail Distribution Review (RDR). The RDR was started by the Financial Services Authority (FSA) in June 2006 with the essential target of moving the retail money related assistance industry away from commission based income paid by clients for monetary exhortation. The RDR proposes to expel such practices and give a ground to reasonable client treatment. â€Å"Under the proposed FSA rules, a counselor firm will be denied from holding itself out to a retail customer as acting freely except if the warning help that it offers to the customer is impartial and unhindered; and dependent on a thorough and reasonable investigation of the important market† (Smith, 2009). The key highlights of the RDR are improving the lucidity for clients about monetary warning administrations, tending to the potential for compensation inclination, and expanding the expected gauges of guides (Davies, 2009). The RDR will affect any budgetary foundations or organizations associated with retail venture dealings, exchanging and proficient bodies, monetary item suppliers, warning firms, wholesalers, speculation counselors, banks, building social orders, common assets, and buyers (Davies, 2009). To increase an improved comprehension of the effect of RDR on retail venture markets, firms should direct an effect examination to assess the impacts of this system on their business (KPMG, 2010). There are number of difficulties confronting the powerful execution of RDR in the current business condition and existing business

Malaysias National Snack Essay Example For Students

Malaysias National Snack Essay Malaysias National SnackMalaysias National SnackI went to a Malaysian eatery with my family a weekend ago to attempt some new Asian dishes we never tasted. The name of the café is Yazmin Malaysian Restaurant. That eatery is situated on Las Tunas Drive, San Gabriel. We requested the curry noodles, the fiery chicken wings, the curry squids, and the satay. Among the nourishments we requested, I might want to depict a dish that is called Satay. It is so delectable, and it is another Asian dish that I never tasted. There are many intriguing Malaysian customary things with regards to that Malaysia eatery. The café was brightened by hanging the Malaysian customary kites and banners with Malaysia celebrated spots. Other than the kites and the banners, there additionally has some customary garments on the dividers. The supervisor called that is the Batik garments. In this way, I felt that I resembled that I was eating in Malaysia in that time. We requested some Malaysia customary nourishments, and one of those dishes that I like it without a doubt. That is Satay. Satay is a grilled meat on a stick. There are five sticks on a plate go with some reduced down solid shapes of cold, cook rice and the cool cuts of cucumber, and uncook red onion. Alongside it, there is a littler plate loaded up with hot nut sauce. By utilizing a similar stick, I plunged the meat into the zesty nut sauce before I tasted it. At that point, I skewered a solid shape of cold, cook rice, and plunged into the sauce. Other than the reduced down of rice, I additionally skewered a cut of cucumber and a cut of red onion, and plunged them into the sauce. It is so flavorful until I had gobbled up all the satay. Satays meat is marinated and strung through flimsy bamboo sticks before barbecued. At the point when it is barbecued, it is seasoned with margarine by utilizing a lemon grass as brush. I accept this improved the smell. In any case, the satay sauce has progressively confused fixings. It contains of peanuts, onion, garlic, chilies, lemon juices, coconut milk, ground cumin, ground turmeric, and hacked lemon grass. The cucumber and onion are readied uncook and cut into cuts. The rice solid shapes are made of plain rice which cook with coconut milk rather than water. I like to eat the sauce since it contains peanuts in it. The peanuts made the sauce so crunchy and I like it without a doubt. The satays meat is additionally acceptable. Nonetheless, when the satay got cold, I felt hard to bite. I like the rice 3D shapes and the cucumber without a doubt, yet not the uncook onion since it was smelled awful in the wake of eating. Satay is a conventional food of Malaysia. It is so uncommon contrasted with different Asians food I had attempted. Obviously, I might want to eat the satay again on the off chance that I get an opportunity to return to that Malaysian café. Craftsmanship Essays

Critical Thinking in Essay Writing

Critical Thinking in Essay WritingIf you are aiming to become a better writer, you must know how to be critical in essay writing. This is the essence of critical thinking, and it is essential for any writing activity that you can do. You will not be able to effectively write with all the information at your disposal if you cannot differentiate between facts and opinions, and this is what critical thinking is all about.Before you take a position on an issue, first think about what you are thinking and feeling about the issue. From here, ask yourself if you have an opinion or judgment about the issue, and why you have that opinion. To be critical, requires that you be honest and clear about what you think about the matter before you make statements. You should never allow yourself to give false or incomplete information because this will only hurt your credibility is very important in making your point.It is essential to state your own opinion if you want others to respect you and list en to what you have to say. And when you cannot state your own opinion without doing so in a way that it makes sense, you must first state your feelings about the issue in writing. Once you state your thoughts clearly, it will be easier for others to understand your views and opinions.Not all beliefs or opinions are based on facts and information, and this is a very powerful way to avoid your facts from being distorted by your feelings. If you know your thoughts, emotions, and feelings are inaccurate, it is important to come clean about it. You must state the truth, and you do not have to tell your views and opinions in detail. This will give others the information they need to make an educated decision.Critical thinking in essay writing is an important part of the process. Being critical of your ideas is also important, but you must understand that not everything can be classified as fact and opinion. There are several things that are strong and consistent evidence that are support ed by evidence, while there are also pieces of information that can be disputed for the right reasons.Critical thinking in essay writing is also about keeping track of your biases and prejudices that you might have about an issue. Not every belief is based on good logic and facts, and this is also another form of good critical thinking. It is important to be able to differentiate between facts and opinions when researching or discussing an issue.A common manner of using this skill is in essay writing. When writing essays, you will often be writing about issues and subjects that you have strong personal opinions about. It is important to be critical in essay writing when you write about this subject matter because it is important to be careful with this type of writing, especially in the case of controversial topics.Critical thinking in essay writing will not only be useful to you and your students, but it will also be a great asset to the public. There are many areas of life where y ou may find yourself disagreeing with others. Whether it is about religion, politics, sex, or even sports, this is a skill that will help you deal with those issues in a way that will allow you to come to a fair and honest conclusion.

Banks and credit available to SMEs - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1859 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In the process of industrialization small business plays an important and economic growth. It increases per capital income and output, makes available employments for the labour market and usually promotes successful deployment of resources which are considered vital to steering of economic development and growth. It is presumed that the lower income segments of Nigeria benefit when SMEs have better access to finances because they alleviate poverty by creating more jobs and better wages. ( Emeni and Okafor 2008). In many of the developed economies and developing economies both have come to value, realise and appreciate small businesses. Being that small business are pioneering, well-organized, resourceful and allows fast decisions process to be taken because of their relative small size. They are major players in the process of industrialization and economic development. ( Ememi and Okafor, 2008) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Banks and credit available to SMEs" essay for you Create order In most up-and-coming nation of the world, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have become the vanguard of economic expansion. They create employment opportunities as the most significant employer of labour force; in addition they increase the nations per capital income and output invariably increasing the GDP by effective resource utilization. Also in large developed nations, SMEs plays a noteworthy role in influencing the economy. Taking China for example, SMEs are said to be accountable for sixty percent of the industrial output employing seventy-five percent of the workforce in the metropolitan centres. ( Anas A.Galadima, 2006). All over the world and in all country, government have come to realise the significant of this class of companies. And as such have originated all-inclusive policies to encourage, give confidence, support and promote the establishment of SMEs. Improvements in small and medium enterprise are a plus for employment generation, solid entrepreneurial base and encouragement for the use of local raw materials and technology. (Oladele, 2009). There are a lot of challenges that SMEs face in both the developed and developing countries and they are massive. One main aspect is financing, the ability to obtain and acquire loans. Most small businesses are not attractive prospects for banks. Berger et al. ( 1998) suggest that larger banks may be less predisposed than smaller banks with less complex structure, to supply credit to small businesses. Back home in Nigeria the talk is very similar with the on-going of other country. But of late the Bankers Committee intervened in 2001 with a scheme called the Small and Medium Industries Equity Investment Scheme (SMIEIS). The idea brought life and empowerment to SMEs discarding all other credit schemes which were not properly implemented. (Aina, O. 2007). Nigerian banking reform is a product of global effort and consolidation is one of its major achievement that everyone have welcomed happily. This consolidation wave has greatly enhance the average magnitude and size of banking institution generally. The mean size of the total assets of banks has increased by 439% from 2003 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2009, recording =N=2767.78 billion to =N=14,923.00 billion banks total assets figure (CBN report 2009). Prior to the introduction of banking reform, the banking sector was repulsively undersized, small, weak and frail, leading to numerous and several economic setback. Besides the benefits related to consolidation on the supply of credit to small and medium enterprises, merger and acquisition have also increase the size of banks from small less complex establishment to conglomerate multinational companies in Nigeria. These includes mobilization of domestic savings, improved allocation of resources, elimination of deep-rooted inefficiency , mobilization of foreign savings and above all enhanced accessibility of small scale funding. But in all these what is less comprehensible, is the effect that bank MA has on the supply of credit to small businesses in Nigeria.(Emeni and Okafor, 2008). Related Literature Other related studies have established some well renowned facts on the effect of consolidation on small business lending. In a recent article Berger, Allen N., R. Demsetz and P. Strahan. (1999) suggest that consolidation is only valuable and favourable to a certain extent. The consequences of consolidation could have direct and also indirect effects. The direct effect being an increases in bank size, increase in market share and enhance bank performance, the indirect effect can be a reduction in the availability of financial services to small businesses. (Berger, Allen N. R. Demsetz and P. Strahan. 1999). Other studies Vera and Onji (2010) illustrate that because most small businesses depend greatly on less complex small banking institution for their principal source of funding, consolidation of the banking industry may reduce ease of access of loans to small business in the US. Earlier researchers find that small businesses have not been unfavourably affected by bank merger and acquisition on making credit available to small business (Peek and Rosengren 1995, 1998; Berger et al. 1995). This is because these studies relied on data up to the mid-1990, while data as at 1995-1997 being the peak of consolidation were not fully employed. This has proven to be of interest to further scrutinize whether the new wave of consolidation may affect small businesses differently. In view of this importance piece of information and the imperfection of the market mechanism to mobilise and allocate financial resources to socially desirable economic activities of any nation it is worthwhile to investigate the relationship between merger and acquisition and credit availability. Based on the above background, the enthusiasm and motivation of this research is to critically scrutinize and observe if there is any relationship, or connection between bank mergers and acquisitions as a resourceful solution to lending. This study, therefore, want to investigate and find evidence that consolidation between banks of diver structure and asset base that occurred as a result of the Nigerian banking reform of 2004, could negatively affect small business lending. This is the reason why we choose to examine the effect of MA to SMEs in Nigeria. Aim and Objective Aim The main purpose of this dissertation is to examine whether bank mergers and acquisitions are a resourceful solution to lending to SMEs. As a result the main research question is: Do banks mergers and acquisitions increase or decrease credit availability to SMEs? This leads to a number of sub-questions: Does financial performance in the banking sector adversely affected small business lending after MA occurs? What other factors affects or is responsible for credit availability to SMEs from the Nigerian banks? To present key findings and recommendation based on data analysis and information collected. Research Methodology There are several research methods that could have been used in this work, such as a Questionnaire based survey through the distribution of questionnaire. Carrying out direct interviews with Small business owner and Bank managers or loan officers is also an effective means to collection of data information. Since the main purpose of this study is to examine if bank mergers and acquisitions increase or decrease credit availability to SME, we will be using accounting based financial ratio analysis. The use of financial ratio in measuring a banks performance and its effectiveness to distinguish high-performance banks from others is quite common in the literature (Abdulla, 1994a; Samad, 2004a). Data Sample Ten Nigerian commercial banks which have effectively been consolidated with other smaller banks will be considered in this study over the period of 2000-2009 based on the following reasons: First, these banks are long established locally incorporated banks in Nigeria. Secondly they have been involved in the consolidation process from small bank to mega banks, passing through the premerger phase up to the post merger phase. Thirdly the period 2000-2009 effectively covers the span before consolidation and after consolidation. The data that will be used in this study is taken from Bank Scope. The annual financial statement of the top ten commercial banks based on their asset base. All the figures are expressed in Naira (=N=) the Nigeria indigenous currency. Since one of our aims is to examine whether the amount of small business lending is affected by the new consolidation legislation passed by Nigeria government on bank reform, we will also be comparing the figures from the statutory reserve. This is mandatory for all commercial banks in Nigeria to invest 10% of their profit before tax to Small and Medium Enterprise Equity Investment Scheme. It is more likely that we will capture the total amount of small business lending that is actually supplied to small businesses within Nigeria. Dissertation Structure The dissertation is split into five chapters: Chapter one is the introduction of the dissertation topic, related studies and the motivation for the choice of the dissertation Chapter two focuses on the Nigeria banking sector, how the banking sector has developed in Nigeria over the years. Covering the history of the Nigerian banking sector divided into four periods: the budding period, the expansion period, the consolidated period and the post-consolidated period. High lighting major financial developments from liberalisation that saw the existence of 87 banks to the consolidation of banks by the Central Bank of Nigeria deadline of 2005. Chapter three is a literature review on academic literature and analytical view on merger and acquisition and its theory in banking. This chapter aims at providing a complete picture of bank mergers and acquisitions (MAs) in the theory of banking and at offering economic evaluation and strategic analyses of the process. The main characteristics of this process is how it has affected lending to small business Chapter four introduces the Small and Medium Enterprises, what they are, why they exist. This Section will review some recent literature that is particularly relevant to the effect of bank consolidation on small business lending. Chapter five discusses the empirical results, in which the main findings of the performance of the banks during the period 2002 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2009 are analysed. This last chapter, Chapter six concludes and highlights the limitations of the study and recommendations for the future research Summary We have been able to introduce the topic of the dissertation and the motivation behind why it was considered important to investigate funding of the small and medium enterprises. Small business play vital role in the process of industrialization and economic growth. It is presumed that the lower income segments of Nigeria benefit when SMEs have better access to finances because they alleviate poverty by creating more jobs and better wages. Developments in small and medium enterprise are a plus for employment generation, solid entrepreneurial base and encouragement for the use of local raw materials and technology. Governments all over the world have realised the importance of this category of companies and have formulated comprehensive public policies to encourage, support and fund the establishment of SMEs. The most worrying challenges facing SMEs in many developing countries is funding. In the next chapter we will be reviewing the Nigerian banking system. We will be looking at a brief history of the Nigerian banking system dividing its growth into four phases, and see how it has evolved from many smaller banks into fewer mega banks. We shall also be looking at the major regulators of this industry and see how they have effectively influence the actions that has lead to merger and acquisition in the banking industry. Also see how the merger and acquisition phase has influenced lending to the small business through the new monetary policies on SMEEIS and Microfinance banks to aid economic growth, which is the main aim of this dissertation.

Comparing Descartes And Descartes s Philosophy On The...

Therefore, intuition according to Descartes is the result of a person’s thoughts. Descartes proceeds to explain that â€Å"there are only a few things that can be perceived clearly and distinctly† (Discourse on method, 75); only a few things that can be intuited. These things include size, shape, position, motion, duration and number. From these things, other truths can be deducted and it is through mathematical formulas that these truths can be deducted. Reason or rationality according to Descartes is having intuition and using mathematics to arrive to deductions. â€Å"For Descartes, then, all knowledge consists in self-intuition and necessary deduction† (Man of Reason, 115). Women are considered to be more impulsive and more emotional, and this knowledge is free from emotions or imaginations and can only be attained though training or education. But in the seventeenth century, women were excluded from education which left them to remain impulsive and emotiona l. The assumption thus is that women did not therefore gain rationality. I am very disturbed by the whole theory of attaining rationality through education; it is so weak. There are many examples of people who have been successful in their careers yet they did not go to school to attain that â€Å"education.† The Listverse article titled â€Å"10 poorly educated but incredibly successful people† includes examples such as Horace Greely whom without any formal education became a Congressman and one of the founding members of theShow MoreRelatedThe Mind And Body Problem1844 Words   |  8 Pagesnothing else exists except from matter so therefore the mind and the body (brain) work together and aren t separate and finally functionalism which begins to state that mind and body (brain) work in a more complex way to the other areas of belief, comparing humans to operational computers. 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Gun Debate to Bear Arms Essay - 538 Words

For the last few years when you turn on the news there has been a mass shooting somewhere in the United States. This sparked up massive debates about the right to bear arms. Then lobbyists like the NRA, (National Rifle Association), step in and started to protect our rights to have firearms. Since then people all over the United States have been debating about gun rights. The Second Amendment, â€Å"a well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed† is the most debated amendment in the Constitution. There are two sides to the gun debates. The first is the Gun Rights Activists. They stand for the right to carry guns for self-defense and personal†¦show more content†¦Some of these people also want to just ban guns all together. One this side there are a lot of smaller, unknown groups that support the Gun Control Lobby. Since this side has so many groups that support it, eac h group wants something a bit different. There could be a group that wants all guns to be ban from the public, where another group may just want longer background checks. This could become a really big problem because there could be debates going on inside that lobby. It is a problem because you can’t fight for something if you don’t know what that thing is. Right now this hasn’t become a problem yet because I believe for the time being they are just trying to get bans on high round magazines and assault rifles. Gun Control lobby makes a lot of good points like shooting at a cardboard box isn’t a sport and an assault weapon won’t save you. My opinion is very mixed now that looked at both sides. Before I looked in to the Gun Control side I hated it. I didn’t like the idea of someone trying to make it harder for me to shoot guns but now I am ok with some things that they say. 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Understand how to communicate in writing free essay sample

Identify different sources of information that may be used when preparing written communication The internet- the internet contains an almost limitless amount of information on every topic imaginable so this is an ideal source for the research of information. Books- Books can now be found available on the internet but a much wider range is available in public libraries and is great for information research. Videos- non written informational source such as videos can also be used to prepare written communication. They may show for example an interview with a person, technique for a particular sports move, a ‘how to’ guide. Notes from the video can then be made into a written piece of work. Reports- financial reports covering the businesses lifetime which may be relevant. People- asking people can be a great source of information, they can give you an opinion, personal account and if they are more experienced/educated within the topic you are researching can give you a great amount of details or simplify a piece of information so you can understand it easier. 2. Describe the communication principles for using electronic forms of written communication in a business environment Electronic forms of business communications are communications through emails, faxes or electronic filing. Anything that is stored or transmitted electronically is electronic forms of data or communication. In an office environment, you should make sure that the audience will be able to interpret information you are sending out or storing clearly and know how to use the software because emails, scanning, faxes ECT are all forms of electronic communications. When choosing electronic communications for exchange of information, you should think logically to decide which the best and most efficient method of communication is. 2. 3 Describe the reasons for using language that suits the purpose of written communication Colloquial, casual and formal writing are different styles of writing that that can be used in communications. The style of writing also depends on the purpose of what it is intended to say, how it is intended to be said, what the document will be used for and the audience. Casual language is something that we use to communicate with family and close friends. Very informal words such as text speak that we use normally on a daily basis. Colloquial language is an informal language that is not rude but would not be used in formal situations, this may be used in a staff huddle situation where you want the staff to feel relaxed and not over whelmed with the information you are giving out. Formal language would be used in meetings wh ere the audience possibly member of higher management/directors are present and would not appreciate the colloquial speech you would give to your employees. You need to be personally well presented and the language would contain formal words, good vocabulary and excellent grammar which are more important. 2. 4 Describe ways of organising, structuring and presenting written information so it meets the needs of an audience When organising, structuring and presenting written information we have to bear in mind the following: Prepare all the documents for presentation depending on what has to be delivered. Keep documents in the correct order, so that the communication goes in a proper flow without any confusions and errors. While presenting be clear in what you talk about, stating the objectives. Give an introduction on what you are going to present, why you are there doing it, why the attendees are there and why is it important. Allow time for question at the end of each subject and be prepared to answer them to the best of your knowledge. Present it step by step clearly using proper resources where needed Have leaflets or hand-outs ready so that they can take the information away with them In the end, close it down making clear that all objectives were covered and the attendees understood what was discussed. Inform the team what will happen next and what actions have to be implemented and any other outcomes from the presentation. 2. 5 Describe ways of checking for the accuracy of written information Any written content or communication has to be free of spelling and grammatical errors. It also has to be in the right and professional format. So the following have to be checked or considered before the document is finalised to be sent out. Proof read your document Whatever is written has to be accurate, otherwise it will have disastrous effects and can even ruin  the reputation of the organisation, and the organisation can itself get into trouble. So all details have to be double checked, for example dates, names, statistics, events, discussions, actions and other facts Spell check and grammar check Most programs now have a spell check and grammar check option available to easily correct typo errors. It is always best to read through the document twice before finalising as not all typo s may be picked up using this method, also some new words may not be added on to the spell checkers database. Use a template Usually every organisation has a different style for documents they produce. They will all be available; you should research through to find the correct style for the document that you want to produce. Find a beta reader Another way to ensure accuracy is to have your document read by another reader. Sometimes when we read through our own work, minor and sometimes major errors can be hard to detect which may be easily picked up by a different person. Also grammatical, punctuation and style errors can be picked up if the reader is an experienced person. Explain the purpose of accurate use of grammar, punctuation and spelling The main purpose in the correct use of grammar, punctuation and spelling is ensuring the receiver of the information can read it accurately and understand the information that is being passed on. When given a task to do for your employer they will expect you to do it correctly. Errors in a document could lead readers to distrust the information you were meant to pass on, this could then be relayed back to the employer who would themselves lose confidence in your ability. 2. Explain what is meant by plain English, and why it is used Plain English is simple, straight forward, easily understood English. They do not use difficult or technical terms, instead have common words used and understood by everyone. For example: Before High-quality learning environments are a necessary precondition for facilitation and enhancement of the on-going learning process. Plain English Children need good schools if they are to learn properly. Plain English is used for communication that emphasises clarity and avoids technical language. It is used so that what you try to communicate is easily understood by everyone and is appropriate to their reading skills and knowledge. It is clear and direct, with nothing hidden, free of unnecessary remarks and unnecessary language or slangs. 2. 8 Explain the need to proofread and check written work It is important to proofread all work you produce because there are other types of errors besides spelling errors and not all checking programs will pick up grammar and punctuation mistakes. Also it wont pick up on a sentence that could have typed incorrectly. 2. 9 Explain how to identify work that is important and work that is urgent Importance and urgency are two totally different things. When something is given to you that is urgent an immediate communication needs to be sent out relaying this information. For example: A call comes from head office stating that there is a safety issue on an item the store sells and it is to be taken off sale immediately. When something is important is should be prioritised into your communication. In the day to day work schedule there would be a mix of tasks, some important and some of low priority. But all tasks need to be completed before the deadlines. For example: The tills need to be checked by the end of trade that day, it is important to do this but yet not urgent that it needs to be straight away 2. 10 Describe organisational procedures for saving and filing written communication Every organisation has its own policies and procedures for saving and filling documents. Documents with similar information are filed together for ease of accessibility in ring binders or electronic folders. Documents that need to be shared with other departments and other staff are always stored on shared drives. Confidential information is usually stored in password protected files, encrypted if necessary. Records may be kept as paper files, or electronically in shared drives, databases or document management systems.

The Meaning of a Wiki and how it can be Useful for An Organization

A wiki according to West and West (2009) is an on-line collaborative tool of writing. Therefore, it can simply be defined as a web space that is collaborative where anybody is at liberty to add new and edit content that has been published (West West). On the other hand, Myers (2009) defines a wiki to be a web based software that enables all users of the web page to alter the content by editing it online in a browser. It therefore makes it friendly to use especially for cooperative tasks on hypertexts and texts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Meaning of a Wiki and how it can be Useful for An Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For that matter, a wiki has several uses in an organization. To begin with, according to Newson, Desyck and Justin (2009), it is designed to aid groups collaborate, build and share online content. This is paramount in learning institutions where by distance learning is enhanc ed. Therefore, wikis help to eliminate geographical distance in terms of group collaborations. Moreover, organization usually use wikis for knowledge management since it allows anybody to contribute. This serves as an excellent platform to record the know-how held by different individuals within an organization. As a result, wikis act as an arena where this information and knowledge is availed to everybody in the organization. Furthermore, according to West and West (2009), wikis are also useful in the organization such that they reduce email traffic and even to some extent, help to eliminate email uses in the organization. This is so since most of the information communicated in the organization could be communicated through wikis and not the traditional email ways. This becomes prevalent if the information needs to be communicated internally in the organization. One of the Products that Create a Wiki and the Description of How to Create It One of the robust products that help in c reating a wiki is the web studio 5.0. This product helps to build different types of wikis including personal, semantic, corporate, structured and peer to peer which are some of categories that are in existence today. Nonetheless, web studio 5.0 is easy to use even to novice users since it has a tutorial tool that can teach someone on how to create a wiki in a step by step manner. On the other hand, in creating a wiki, there are some steps followed to create a good wiki. For that matter, the initial steps entail planning where the creator needs to decide on the features that the wiki needs to have. Thereafter, one is supposed to choose a license to cover the wiki content before working on the pages. After obtaining a license, one needs to concentrate on the central pages where there is need to create categories. Moreover, in the creation of pages, the creator needs to come up with community guidelines where information to visitors will be displayed to make their contributions.Adver tising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reasons for Selecting Web Studio 5.0 for Creation of a Wiki Nonetheless, the reason for choosing web studio 5.0 for creating a wiki is because of the several benefits that are accrued to this product. For instance, the tool is extremely easy to use as it enables anyone to create their desired wiki in a short while. In addition, web studio 5.0 has an interface that facilitates a drag and drop design techniques that aid a creator of the wiki to design and create his or her wiki faster than when using other tools that do not allow this. Â   Moreover, this tool is fully integrated as it enables a direct publishing of the wiki without necessarily entailing services of other tools. In addition, the tool also provides a free hosting of the wiki which aid in previewing it online. Still, it is also imperative to acknowledge that some of the key feature o f web studio 5.0 is a free video tutorial that comes with it. This helps starters and novice creators of wikis to be able to learn and create their own wikis without necessarily going through a classroom instruction. Advantages and Disadvantages There are several advantages and disadvantages that are associated with wikis. One of the most profound advantages of a wiki is that it is easy to use (Grace, 2009). In organization, there might be other knowledge management systems that are complex to be used by novice users and might only be used by experienced and skilled users. With regard to wikis, they can be easily put into use by the novice system users hence making knowledge management an easy task in the organization. Furthermore, it is important to appreciate that wikis in an organizations serve as repository centers of information (Grace, 2009). This helps in accumulating a pool of information that is critical in the posterity of the organization since different minds, ideas and feeling of stakeholders are able to be assembled together. Nonetheless, wikis also enables to track and revise the content. A well designed and created wiki facilitates revision and tracking of the contribution of information made. This helps to understand ideas and feelings of different stakeholders in the organization. On the other hand, there are several disadvantages that are associated with use of wikis. To begin with, adoption of wikis in the organization requires training of employees on how to use them (Grace, 2009). This becomes complicated especially if employees are computer illiterate.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Meaning of a Wiki and how it can be Useful for An Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Secondly, there is a rapid technological change that takes place in wiki platforms and their engines. Therefore, there is a constant need of data migration. This in most case is costly and time consuming to these organizations. To wind up, wikis are important in the organization and as such, they are related to the topic of computer technology and the networked organization. This is so since they help to connect different stakeholders in the organization hence contributing to business activities of these organizations. References Grace, T.L. (2009). Wikis as a Knowledge Management Tool. Journal of Knowledge Mangement, 13(4), 64-74. Myers, G. (2009). Discourse of Blogs and Wikis. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. Newson, A., Desyck, H. Justin, P. (2009). Blogging and Other Social Media: Exploiting the Technology and Protecting the Enterprise. Britain: Gower. West, J.A. West, M. (2009). Using Wikis for Online Collaboration: The Power of the Read-Write Web. San Francisco: John Wiley Sons, Inc. This essay on The Meaning of a Wiki and how it can be Useful for An Organization was written and submitted by user Ramiro T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Heres a Wide Pool of Topics for Exploratory Essays

Heres a Wide Pool of Topics for Exploratory Essays Are you struggling to find a good topic for your paper? Choosing or phrasing a topic for an exploratory essay can be a challenging task. You need to have a researchable topic for your paper. Alongside, you need to ensure that you can access good sources of information about it. Probably you have been trying hard to find a good topic for your paper. Worry no more because we are here for your assistance. In this article, we propose good exploratory essay topics related to the themes of health, education, and parenting. Feel free to use our suggested topics for your essays or ask our expert writers to generate a fresh, unique, and customized topic for your paper. How to Decide Interesting Exploratory Essay Topics Finding interesting topics for your paper is not easy. It is a skill that you have to master. Our guidelines will be definitely helpful for you in this regard. To begin with, think about the area you want to select your topic from. The range of fields is literally countless. Some of the fields you can choose the topic from include fitness, engineering, human body, psychology, food, traveling, and education. These are obviously broad categories. If your teacher gives you the leverage to choose topics for exploratory essay of your choice, and you come up with a paper on such broad categories, the teacher is not likely to welcome this approach. The prime reason behind this is that the field is too vast. A one-word topic anyway doesn’t qualify to be selected for a paper. Consider yourself as a reader of the paper rather than a writer for a moment. You’d like to spend time reading a paper that you know what it’s about. Will you care to read a paper titled ‘education’? Sure, you have tons of information about education already. Likewise, your paper’s readers will like to have a clear idea of what the content is about. So the key is to narrow it down. That brings us to the discussion of sub-categories. Talking about education, its sub-categories can be high-school education, college education, coeducation, virtual education, and home tuition. While you are free to choose the sub-category, you still need to identify interesting and at the same time, academically strong topics within your selected sub-category. In this article, we share with you best exploratory essay topics for three areas – health, education, and parenting. We’ll start by identifying sub-categories for each of these areas, and then you can read five topics. Five Best Topics for Paper Writing On Health Health is an outstanding field to select your topic from. That’s because there’s a lot of room for research work in this area. Medical research papers represent a significant proportion of academic articles. Sub-categories for the field of health can be animal rights as subjects of medical testing, sleep, diet, and the aging process. Here are five suitable college exploratory essay topics related to health: Are mobile phones safe for our ears? The workout is beneficial for blood circulation. The demerits of being a vegetarian. How much sleep is too little sleep? How does the aging process start? Five Easy Paper Topics Related to Education Education is one of the best topics to write a paper on. It is the favorite subject of exploration for most teachers. Some of its sub-categories are online education, knowledge, and spiritual education. Find five good topics for an exploratory essay on it below: Coeducation prepares students for professional life challenges. Can we get educated without attending schools? How is online education different from campus studies? Can schools do spiritual counseling of students? What is the minimum education every person should get? Top Five Paper Topic Ideas On Parenting Parenting is a fascinating and important subject for exploration. Its sub-categories include single parenting, blended families, and gay marriages. Here are five interesting topics to write an exploratory essay on: Nuclear family structure is the best for effective parenting. Parents should never scold their children. Gay parents’ children’s understanding of intimacy. Should children be forced to accept the parents’ religion? How parenting changes a person? The Do’s and Don’ts of Exploratory Essay Topics for College Students As you select the topic of your paper, feel free to phrase it as a question or a statement. You might have observed that the topics we have suggested include both questions and statements. While deciding on a topic, the writers should take care of the following things: Make your topic-specific and narrow. Find a topic that discusses the unique aspect of an area. Read the topic at least three times to ensure that it’s easily understandable. Alongside, there are certain things you don’t want to include while writing your topic. We have created a list of them. While thinking your paper’s title: Don’t make the title longer than 70 characters, including spaces. Don’t use difficult vocabulary in your topic. Don’t insert commas in the topic. Still Need Help? You Can Count On Our Guru’s Assistance We’re sure you will find our suggested easy exploratory essay topics interesting. However, it’s possible that you are writing a paper on an area other than the topics we have discussed on. Let’s say you want to select the topic from the field of technology, and you didn’t find topic suggestions for it in this article. No problem! We can help you out. Place your order going through a simple process on our website. We’ll instantly find a writer for you who is qualified in your own field. Our help is instant, so you will get the topic finalized and suggested within your stated deadline. Just let us know your desired area. Rely on us.

Performance Measurement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Performance Measurement - Assignment Example Performance measurement is an incessant examining of an outcome with time, frequently for several years, to look for dissimilar signals of change that can be due to different campaigns, programs or initiatives (Chiesa & Frattini, 2009). Evaluation undoubtedly can employ quantitative measures to settle on if the change has occurred or not. But it usually brings qualitative information into the act. With performance measures, change signals in the time sequence of quantitative data are vital. Performance measurement is not a part of the assessment. It is a means that managers use, but not evaluators. Distinct from program evaluation, which calls for an excellent methodological collection and requires the knowledge of trained evalua ­tors, performance measurement is clear-cut. Program objectives along with resultant outcomes are recognized (Chiesa & Frattini, 2009). Another benefit is that measures track results, and data are collected that allow managers and other stakeholders to scrutinize program performance. Performance measures consequently necessary in order to know whether the program is performing where it ought to be. It is then easier to do a program evaluation to find out why it is not meeting the

Critical Thinking in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Thinking in the Workplace - Essay Example Let us now discuss an example to show how critical thinking can be applied to work-related decisions. One of my friends, James, was working as assistant manager in an event management firm. A conflict arose when one of his senior employees, Steve Hudson, refused to supervise a campaign on religious grounds. Hudson had to taste meat in front of the public to launch the campaign. The HR manager consulted the issue with James in order to find a proper solution to the problem. They came up with four options to resolve the issue. Those options included assigning Austin to a low-profile campaign, terminating Hudson’s services on the grounds of disobedience, switching place of Hudson with some other supervisor, and promoting one of Hudson’s subordinates to lead this campaign for this specific event. James and his manager analyzed all options and selected fourth option because that option was the most suitable one to resolve the issue. James and his manager gave preference to the religious views of Hudson over any other thing and did not terminate him on the grounds of disobed ience because he was a very skilled and talented employee of the company. Critical thinking plays a considerable role in decision-making processes. It makes people aware of all aspects of the issue, which helps them take most appropriate decisions based on the analysis of all aspects. Decision-making is the process of choosing the best alternative from the pool of choices. A person needs to look at all possible consequences of all choices before selecting the most suitable choice. The process of critical thinking is unbiased in nature and provides assists decision-makers in taking unbiased decisions. Critical thinking means to let the past assumptions go and embrace new ideas based on proper evaluation and reasoning. Upson (2011) states, â€Å"Critical thinking can help people to excel in their professional lives, allowing for clearer, more concise thought

Great Expectations And Relate These To The Novel As A Whole Essay Example for Free

Great Expectations And Relate These To The Novel As A Whole Essay Discuss the Significance Of The Events, Which Occur In Chapter Eighteen of Great Expectations And Relate These To The Novel As A Whole I shall now discuss the significance of chapter eighteen, and how the effects of this chapter relate to the whole novel, Great Expectations. In Great Expectations, the names of the characters symbolize their personalities. For example, Biddy is a very timid person who will do your bidding obligingly. Then Pip is a small and insignificant sounding name, just like the actual character is. Jaggers, is a man with sharp wit, and features, he has a bullying manner, which can cut you up in front of an audience, just like a jagged knife. Pip on his first encounter with Jaggers comments on how the smell of scented soap came from his hand. This is symbolism. One does not wash ones hands unless they are dirty, and since Jaggers is a criminal lawyer, they must be prone to doing illegal or immoral acts, in order to save his clients. Hence, he always has to wash his hands, in a sense, so that he is not caught by the courts, and found guilty of anything. To prevent any legal trouble, Jaggers puts a lot of thought into the way he phrases his dealings with clients. He makes sure that he does not give any personal opinions, and makes sure that the clients remember the dealings as he wants them to, so if they are questioned, then his name does not come up for recommending, or ordering the client to commit any actions of moral or legal wrongdoing. For example, when he is dealing with Pip, he makes sure that Pip rephrases his statement, much obliged for his (Jaggers) recommendation since Jaggers recommending anything, can be counted as being involved with the crime. He makes sure that Pip uses the word mention instead. This is how Jaggers makes sure his hands are clean of any dirt, because he never recommends anybody Jaggers job is a performance for him. He is a performer, and a better one then Wopsle, which is proved when he battles with him about the highly popular murder. One of Jaggers performances is with his handkerchief that he pulls out whenever he wants a person to confess some knowledge to him. This is because it makes the audience want to confess before he sneezes, it is a dramatic performance, and has aided Jaggers many times. This tells us a bit about the justice system in those times, where defending criminals, and getting them off the death sentence was a performance of techniques, and bullying the jury into letting off the criminals. This shows how the justice system in the days was not efficient at putting the real criminals out of the streets, since a few dramatic movements and a bullying of the jury could sway the scales of justice the wrong way. Dickens is a great social critic, and he criticizes the inefficiency of the justice system in those days. The justice system would be less harsh on criminals who were gentleman, then on criminals who were not. If you knew the right people, wore the right clothes, and looked the right part, you were more likely to get away with the crime. Also if you were a gentleman this made you less reason to have commit a crime in the first place(in the judges eyes), and youll get a lighter sentence then if you were coarse and common. A perfect example of this is the Magwitch/Compeyson trial. Although it was actually Compeyson that led Magwitch aside, because he knew the right people and because he was a gentleman, he managed to pass most of the blame onto Magwitch. Compeyson got a sentence of seven years, and Magwitch fourteen years, just because Compeyson was a gentleman. In chapter 18, when Jaggers is discussing with Pip and Joe the situation of Pip having Great Expectations, he offers Joe a compensation (Wemmicks property) for the loss of his (Pip) services Joe denies the compensation, but Jaggers, who is completely, shocked of this news keeps on badgering him, because he thinks Joe is a fool not to accept the money. He also says, Brag is a good dog, but that holdfast is better which means that Jaggers is telling Joe, to say he doesnt want the compensation is nothing, but to actually keep by the word is something else. Joe to everyones surprise gets up in a mood of rage, to fight Jaggers, for badgering him in his own home. This shows us that Joes character is un-materialistic, and to be offered money is not something he is pleased by, as a replacement for his friend. It also shows us that Joe is not the type of man who can be bullied in his own home, by a man like Jaggers. Jaggers thinks Joe is a fool for not accepting the compensation offered. This shows us that the type of clients Jaggers deals with are probably materialistic, and not very moralistic, and maybe Jaggers himself has become like this by working with those types, and to meet someone who is noble and honest, like Joe, must be quite rare and surprising to him. Pip has Great Expectations of becoming a gentleman, of getting out of his social class, ever since Estella had criticized him of his course hands. Although, when Pip is about to finally get his wish he starts to become unknowingly dissatisfied, he feels he does not want to leave his old life too, subconsciously he will miss the love and care he has received from Joe, and newly from Biddy. In some ways, his great expectations have failed, and shall continue to as his life progresses. Also, Pip starts to become snobbish, and disloyal to his people He accuses the caring people he has known his whole life, to act coarse and common if he were to go and show them his gentlemen clothes. This tells us about Pips character, he is the type who would leave his old friends behind, for a better, more promising life. Although, somewhere in his subconscious Pip feels guilty for these acts, and he suffers because he knows he is acting basely. When the older Pip on reflects the selfish acts he had committed against loved ones when he was young, he criticizes them. When he is discussing with Jaggers about his future life, he reflects on how he was so ready to leave and so unthankful to Joe. At the time, Pip was thinking of his future as a Gentleman, of how his Great Expectations will be fulfilled, and he was being selfish at the time, for not being grateful for what Joe had given him so far. Although, elder Pips reflection is very different, he realizes his mistakes and says how he sees Joe again, how hurt Joe felt because Pip was going to leave him, how he still feels his strong and faithful arm upon his shoulder as if it had been the rustle of an angels wing! Another example is when he says to Biddy, You are envious, Biddy, and grudging. You are dissatisfied on account of my rise in fortune, and cant help showing it. I think this behavior by Pip is the worst because he thinks that he is superior to Biddy, who is so timid, and caring. The elder Pip criticizes on his actions here, for speaking in a virtuous and superior tone When Pip was got his wish to become a gentleman, through Jaggers, he became emotionally blind. Even when Joe and Biddy, congratulated Pip on his fortune of going to become a gentleman; there was a certain touch of sadness in their congratulations that I rather resented. This really shows how foolhardy and unfeeling Pip was at that time. Since the touch of sadness was actually because they both love Pip, and shall miss him and his company once he is gone. The significance of chapter 18 is great, since it is the chapter where Pip gets his wish to finally become a gentleman. Also, it is where we, the audience, see how emotionally blind, and how focused on the superficial things about a person Pip begins to become. It is where Pip and we are introduced to the bullying figure of Jaggers, and also the foreshadowing hint of Pips unhappiness in his life to come.

Deepest Wreck :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A deep-sea salvage company claims to have discovered the deepest ancient shipwreck ever found- a 2,300-year-old Greek trading vessel found nearly two miles under the surface of the Mediterranean. The discovery of the shipwreck between the classical trading centers of Rhodes and Alexandria adds to the collection of evidence that is challenging the long-held theory that ancient sailors lacked the navigational knowledge and skill to sail large distances across open water. It is believed that they were restricted to following the coastline during thier trips. Four other possibly ancient wrecks were discovered nearby.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the spring of 1999, the deep-ocean exploration firm Nauticos Corporation conducted a survey in the eastern Mediterranean in an attempt to locate an Israeli submarine that had mysteriously disappeared in the area 31 years before. Their sonar system detected five closely spaced clusters at a depth of almost 10,000 feet on what is known as the Herodotus Abyssal Plain. Visual inspection of these clusters with a remotely operated vehicle revealed five shipwrecks of possible archaeological significance. There was only enough time to permit the collection of a detailed video and sonar imagery of only one site. This information was sent to the Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) at Texas A&M University to determine the ships origin and importance. The shape of several amphoras or containers from the site date back to the end of the third century B.C. or the beginning of the second century B.C. making this the deepest ancient shipwreck yet discovered.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Despite its depth, the site is typical for an ancient shipwreck. The vessel came to rest on the bottom and eventually flipped over onto its side. As its wooden hull lost structural integrity, the ship’s side flattened out under the weight of the containers that had tumbled over it. The opposite side of the hull was held upright, unburied by the containers or sediment, succumbed to erosion and decay, and were mostly rotted away. This wreck’s amphora cargo forms a mound approximately 80 feet long and 50 feet wide and tapers in height and width from the center of the ship to the bow and stern, or front and back. At least six or more types of wine amphoras have been identified, including containers from the islands of Rhodes and Kos, there may be as many as 2,500 containers present at the site.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ship’s bow area or the front area of the ship, can be identified by the presence of at least five lead anchors.

Family Culture Change Essay

The depression era family culture demonstrated a close knit community which spent large amounts of time together (Craig 2006). Many families used to gather around the same radio and listen to entertainment or news and the fire side chats then President Roosevelt gave provided reassurance for a worried public (Craig 2006). The lifestyle of a nuclear family with close contacts has developed to a fast paced world where family members frequently do not communicate regularly leading to alternative groups settings (Koesten, Miller, & Hummert 2001). Information on divergent lifestyles is now easily accessible to people which influences behavior (Koesten, Miller & Hummert 2001). The radio was introduced as a communication and entertainment medium during the great depression (Craig 2006). The radio provided instant access to news and weather in addition to the entertainment value it provided (Craig 2006). Entire families would gather around the radio during the evening and spend quality time together (Craig 2006). Businesses used the radio advertisements to lure the public in to considering buying purchases that were not considered prior to the advent of the radio (Craig 2006). Despite the economic hardships created by the great depression households who owned radios increased from 30% in 1930 to 70% in 1940 (Craig 2006). In 1940 the foundation had but formed for the future technology revolution that is present today (Craig 2006). This is where the perception of the current American consumer started that buying a product would solve all of one’s problems (Craig 2006). Today’s United States population now has a variety of electronic devices such as cell phones and computers enabling true access on demand to information and entertainment (Koesten, Miller, & Hummert 2001). The multiple methods of communication available to the average American today can foster unhealthy influences on behavior which can result in unhealthy consequences (Koesten, Miller, & Hummert 2001). People today spend more time communicating with others outside their immediate family with jobs, activities, and socialization than within the family unit (Koesten, Miller, & Humert 2001). The behavior of children from this generation will be influenced more by society than parentally which will impact the behavior displayed (Koesten, Miller, & Hummert 2001). The familial influence has been replaced by peer influence which has decreased the importance of family within today’s culture (Koesten, Miller & Hummer 2001).   This decreased emphasis on familial communication has lead to increased peer pressure which results in a greater likelihood of risk taking behaviors (Koesten, Miller, & Hummert 2001). This feeling of isolation has resulted in a dramatic increase in depression resulting from the loss of close family contact (Paxton, Valois, Watkins, Huebner, & Drane 2007). A depressed mood is different from clinical depression and is described as a feeling of sadness, lasting from a couple of hours to days (Paxton, Valois, Watkins, Huebner, & Drane 2007). Clinical depression is defined as sadness lasting at least two weeks that interferes with the activities of daily life (Paxton, Valois, Watkins, Huebner, & Drane 2007). People who are depressed are more likely to engage in behaviors that are hazardous to one’s health (Paxton, Valois, Watkins, Huebner, & Drane 2007). Due to this family isolation and depression unnatural death has become the leading cause of adolescents and has increased dramatically recently (Anonymous 1987). Substance abuse has become more prevalent which has resulted in significant morbidity in the adolescent and young adult population (Anonmyous 1987). These problems did not exist in the epidemic proportions they do today because despite the multiple modalities available to communicate with family society communicates less than in the depression era. References: Anonymous (1987). Health Risk Behaviors. Pediatrics. 80 (1) 144-147. Retrieved on December 20, 2008 from the ebscohost database. Craig, S. (2006). The More they Listen, The More They Buy. Agricultural History. 80 (1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1-16. Retrieved on December 20, 2008 from the ebscohost database. Koesten, J., Miller, K. I., Hummert, M. L. (2001). Family Communication, Self Efficacy, and White Female Adolescent Risk Behavior. Journal of family Communication 2 (1) 7-27. Retrieved on December 20, 2008 from the ebscohost database. Paxton, R. J., Valois, R. F., Watkins, K. W., Huebner, E. S., Drane, J. W. (2007) Association Between Depressed Moods and Clusters of Health Risk Behaviors. American Journal of Health Behavior 31 (3) 272-283. Retrieved on December 20, 2008 from the ebscohost database.

The First World War ( Wwi ) - 1900 Words

The First World War (WWI) was fought from 1914 to 1918 and the Second World War (or WWII) was fought from 1939 to 1945. They were the largest military conflicts in human history. Both wars involved military alliances between different groups of countries. World War I was centered on Europe. The world warring nations were divided into two groups namely ‘The Central Powers’ and ‘The Allied Powers’. The central powers group consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria. The Allied powers group consisted of France, Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and (from 1917) the U.S. World War II, the opposing alliances are now referred to as ‘The Axis’ and ‘The Allies’. The Axis group consisted of Germany, Italy, and Japan. The Allies group consisted of France, Britain, the U.S., the Soviet Union, and China. World War II was especially heinous because of the genocide of Jewish people perpetrated by the Nazis. The causes of World War I were six. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June 1914, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary was the trigger for the war. He was killed by Serbian nationalists. Austria-Hungary invaded Serbia. At same time Germany invaded Belgium, Luxembourg and France. Russia attacked Germany. Several alliances formed over the past decades were invoked, so within weeks the major powers were at war; as all had colonies, the conflict soon spread around the world. The Versailles Treaty signed at the end of World War I not only layShow MoreRelatedWwi And Wwi : The First World War1704 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion 1 WWI vs WWII WWI is also known as the First World War, The Great War, The European War, and The War of the Nations. It was fought primarily in Europe from the year 1914 to the year 1918 and lasted 4 years. 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