Tuesday, May 26, 2020

Banks and credit available to SMEs - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1859 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In the process of industrialization small business plays an important and economic growth. It increases per capital income and output, makes available employments for the labour market and usually promotes successful deployment of resources which are considered vital to steering of economic development and growth. It is presumed that the lower income segments of Nigeria benefit when SMEs have better access to finances because they alleviate poverty by creating more jobs and better wages. ( Emeni and Okafor 2008). In many of the developed economies and developing economies both have come to value, realise and appreciate small businesses. Being that small business are pioneering, well-organized, resourceful and allows fast decisions process to be taken because of their relative small size. They are major players in the process of industrialization and economic development. ( Ememi and Okafor, 2008) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Banks and credit available to SMEs" essay for you Create order In most up-and-coming nation of the world, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have become the vanguard of economic expansion. They create employment opportunities as the most significant employer of labour force; in addition they increase the nations per capital income and output invariably increasing the GDP by effective resource utilization. Also in large developed nations, SMEs plays a noteworthy role in influencing the economy. Taking China for example, SMEs are said to be accountable for sixty percent of the industrial output employing seventy-five percent of the workforce in the metropolitan centres. ( Anas A.Galadima, 2006). All over the world and in all country, government have come to realise the significant of this class of companies. And as such have originated all-inclusive policies to encourage, give confidence, support and promote the establishment of SMEs. Improvements in small and medium enterprise are a plus for employment generation, solid entrepreneurial base and encouragement for the use of local raw materials and technology. (Oladele, 2009). There are a lot of challenges that SMEs face in both the developed and developing countries and they are massive. One main aspect is financing, the ability to obtain and acquire loans. Most small businesses are not attractive prospects for banks. Berger et al. ( 1998) suggest that larger banks may be less predisposed than smaller banks with less complex structure, to supply credit to small businesses. Back home in Nigeria the talk is very similar with the on-going of other country. But of late the Bankers Committee intervened in 2001 with a scheme called the Small and Medium Industries Equity Investment Scheme (SMIEIS). The idea brought life and empowerment to SMEs discarding all other credit schemes which were not properly implemented. (Aina, O. 2007). Nigerian banking reform is a product of global effort and consolidation is one of its major achievement that everyone have welcomed happily. This consolidation wave has greatly enhance the average magnitude and size of banking institution generally. The mean size of the total assets of banks has increased by 439% from 2003 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2009, recording =N=2767.78 billion to =N=14,923.00 billion banks total assets figure (CBN report 2009). Prior to the introduction of banking reform, the banking sector was repulsively undersized, small, weak and frail, leading to numerous and several economic setback. Besides the benefits related to consolidation on the supply of credit to small and medium enterprises, merger and acquisition have also increase the size of banks from small less complex establishment to conglomerate multinational companies in Nigeria. These includes mobilization of domestic savings, improved allocation of resources, elimination of deep-rooted inefficiency , mobilization of foreign savings and above all enhanced accessibility of small scale funding. But in all these what is less comprehensible, is the effect that bank MA has on the supply of credit to small businesses in Nigeria.(Emeni and Okafor, 2008). Related Literature Other related studies have established some well renowned facts on the effect of consolidation on small business lending. In a recent article Berger, Allen N., R. Demsetz and P. Strahan. (1999) suggest that consolidation is only valuable and favourable to a certain extent. The consequences of consolidation could have direct and also indirect effects. The direct effect being an increases in bank size, increase in market share and enhance bank performance, the indirect effect can be a reduction in the availability of financial services to small businesses. (Berger, Allen N. R. Demsetz and P. Strahan. 1999). Other studies Vera and Onji (2010) illustrate that because most small businesses depend greatly on less complex small banking institution for their principal source of funding, consolidation of the banking industry may reduce ease of access of loans to small business in the US. Earlier researchers find that small businesses have not been unfavourably affected by bank merger and acquisition on making credit available to small business (Peek and Rosengren 1995, 1998; Berger et al. 1995). This is because these studies relied on data up to the mid-1990, while data as at 1995-1997 being the peak of consolidation were not fully employed. This has proven to be of interest to further scrutinize whether the new wave of consolidation may affect small businesses differently. In view of this importance piece of information and the imperfection of the market mechanism to mobilise and allocate financial resources to socially desirable economic activities of any nation it is worthwhile to investigate the relationship between merger and acquisition and credit availability. Based on the above background, the enthusiasm and motivation of this research is to critically scrutinize and observe if there is any relationship, or connection between bank mergers and acquisitions as a resourceful solution to lending. This study, therefore, want to investigate and find evidence that consolidation between banks of diver structure and asset base that occurred as a result of the Nigerian banking reform of 2004, could negatively affect small business lending. This is the reason why we choose to examine the effect of MA to SMEs in Nigeria. Aim and Objective Aim The main purpose of this dissertation is to examine whether bank mergers and acquisitions are a resourceful solution to lending to SMEs. As a result the main research question is: Do banks mergers and acquisitions increase or decrease credit availability to SMEs? This leads to a number of sub-questions: Does financial performance in the banking sector adversely affected small business lending after MA occurs? What other factors affects or is responsible for credit availability to SMEs from the Nigerian banks? To present key findings and recommendation based on data analysis and information collected. Research Methodology There are several research methods that could have been used in this work, such as a Questionnaire based survey through the distribution of questionnaire. Carrying out direct interviews with Small business owner and Bank managers or loan officers is also an effective means to collection of data information. Since the main purpose of this study is to examine if bank mergers and acquisitions increase or decrease credit availability to SME, we will be using accounting based financial ratio analysis. The use of financial ratio in measuring a banks performance and its effectiveness to distinguish high-performance banks from others is quite common in the literature (Abdulla, 1994a; Samad, 2004a). Data Sample Ten Nigerian commercial banks which have effectively been consolidated with other smaller banks will be considered in this study over the period of 2000-2009 based on the following reasons: First, these banks are long established locally incorporated banks in Nigeria. Secondly they have been involved in the consolidation process from small bank to mega banks, passing through the premerger phase up to the post merger phase. Thirdly the period 2000-2009 effectively covers the span before consolidation and after consolidation. The data that will be used in this study is taken from Bank Scope. The annual financial statement of the top ten commercial banks based on their asset base. All the figures are expressed in Naira (=N=) the Nigeria indigenous currency. Since one of our aims is to examine whether the amount of small business lending is affected by the new consolidation legislation passed by Nigeria government on bank reform, we will also be comparing the figures from the statutory reserve. This is mandatory for all commercial banks in Nigeria to invest 10% of their profit before tax to Small and Medium Enterprise Equity Investment Scheme. It is more likely that we will capture the total amount of small business lending that is actually supplied to small businesses within Nigeria. Dissertation Structure The dissertation is split into five chapters: Chapter one is the introduction of the dissertation topic, related studies and the motivation for the choice of the dissertation Chapter two focuses on the Nigeria banking sector, how the banking sector has developed in Nigeria over the years. Covering the history of the Nigerian banking sector divided into four periods: the budding period, the expansion period, the consolidated period and the post-consolidated period. High lighting major financial developments from liberalisation that saw the existence of 87 banks to the consolidation of banks by the Central Bank of Nigeria deadline of 2005. Chapter three is a literature review on academic literature and analytical view on merger and acquisition and its theory in banking. This chapter aims at providing a complete picture of bank mergers and acquisitions (MAs) in the theory of banking and at offering economic evaluation and strategic analyses of the process. The main characteristics of this process is how it has affected lending to small business Chapter four introduces the Small and Medium Enterprises, what they are, why they exist. This Section will review some recent literature that is particularly relevant to the effect of bank consolidation on small business lending. Chapter five discusses the empirical results, in which the main findings of the performance of the banks during the period 2002 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2009 are analysed. This last chapter, Chapter six concludes and highlights the limitations of the study and recommendations for the future research Summary We have been able to introduce the topic of the dissertation and the motivation behind why it was considered important to investigate funding of the small and medium enterprises. Small business play vital role in the process of industrialization and economic growth. It is presumed that the lower income segments of Nigeria benefit when SMEs have better access to finances because they alleviate poverty by creating more jobs and better wages. Developments in small and medium enterprise are a plus for employment generation, solid entrepreneurial base and encouragement for the use of local raw materials and technology. Governments all over the world have realised the importance of this category of companies and have formulated comprehensive public policies to encourage, support and fund the establishment of SMEs. The most worrying challenges facing SMEs in many developing countries is funding. In the next chapter we will be reviewing the Nigerian banking system. We will be looking at a brief history of the Nigerian banking system dividing its growth into four phases, and see how it has evolved from many smaller banks into fewer mega banks. We shall also be looking at the major regulators of this industry and see how they have effectively influence the actions that has lead to merger and acquisition in the banking industry. Also see how the merger and acquisition phase has influenced lending to the small business through the new monetary policies on SMEEIS and Microfinance banks to aid economic growth, which is the main aim of this dissertation.

Friday, May 15, 2020

Comparing Descartes And Descartes s Philosophy On The...

Therefore, intuition according to Descartes is the result of a person’s thoughts. Descartes proceeds to explain that â€Å"there are only a few things that can be perceived clearly and distinctly† (Discourse on method, 75); only a few things that can be intuited. These things include size, shape, position, motion, duration and number. From these things, other truths can be deducted and it is through mathematical formulas that these truths can be deducted. Reason or rationality according to Descartes is having intuition and using mathematics to arrive to deductions. â€Å"For Descartes, then, all knowledge consists in self-intuition and necessary deduction† (Man of Reason, 115). Women are considered to be more impulsive and more emotional, and this knowledge is free from emotions or imaginations and can only be attained though training or education. But in the seventeenth century, women were excluded from education which left them to remain impulsive and emotiona l. The assumption thus is that women did not therefore gain rationality. I am very disturbed by the whole theory of attaining rationality through education; it is so weak. There are many examples of people who have been successful in their careers yet they did not go to school to attain that â€Å"education.† The Listverse article titled â€Å"10 poorly educated but incredibly successful people† includes examples such as Horace Greely whom without any formal education became a Congressman and one of the founding members of theShow MoreRelatedThe Mind And Body Problem1844 Words   |  8 Pagesnothing else exists except from matter so therefore the mind and the body (brain) work together and aren t separate and finally functionalism which begins to state that mind and body (brain) work in a more complex way to the other areas of belief, comparing humans to operational computers. 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Gun Debate to Bear Arms Essay - 538 Words

For the last few years when you turn on the news there has been a mass shooting somewhere in the United States. This sparked up massive debates about the right to bear arms. Then lobbyists like the NRA, (National Rifle Association), step in and started to protect our rights to have firearms. Since then people all over the United States have been debating about gun rights. The Second Amendment, â€Å"a well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed† is the most debated amendment in the Constitution. There are two sides to the gun debates. The first is the Gun Rights Activists. They stand for the right to carry guns for self-defense and personal†¦show more content†¦Some of these people also want to just ban guns all together. One this side there are a lot of smaller, unknown groups that support the Gun Control Lobby. Since this side has so many groups that support it, eac h group wants something a bit different. There could be a group that wants all guns to be ban from the public, where another group may just want longer background checks. This could become a really big problem because there could be debates going on inside that lobby. It is a problem because you can’t fight for something if you don’t know what that thing is. Right now this hasn’t become a problem yet because I believe for the time being they are just trying to get bans on high round magazines and assault rifles. Gun Control lobby makes a lot of good points like shooting at a cardboard box isn’t a sport and an assault weapon won’t save you. My opinion is very mixed now that looked at both sides. Before I looked in to the Gun Control side I hated it. I didn’t like the idea of someone trying to make it harder for me to shoot guns but now I am ok with some things that they say. 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Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Understand how to communicate in writing free essay sample

Identify different sources of information that may be used when preparing written communication The internet- the internet contains an almost limitless amount of information on every topic imaginable so this is an ideal source for the research of information. Books- Books can now be found available on the internet but a much wider range is available in public libraries and is great for information research. Videos- non written informational source such as videos can also be used to prepare written communication. They may show for example an interview with a person, technique for a particular sports move, a ‘how to’ guide. Notes from the video can then be made into a written piece of work. Reports- financial reports covering the businesses lifetime which may be relevant. People- asking people can be a great source of information, they can give you an opinion, personal account and if they are more experienced/educated within the topic you are researching can give you a great amount of details or simplify a piece of information so you can understand it easier. 2. Describe the communication principles for using electronic forms of written communication in a business environment Electronic forms of business communications are communications through emails, faxes or electronic filing. Anything that is stored or transmitted electronically is electronic forms of data or communication. In an office environment, you should make sure that the audience will be able to interpret information you are sending out or storing clearly and know how to use the software because emails, scanning, faxes ECT are all forms of electronic communications. When choosing electronic communications for exchange of information, you should think logically to decide which the best and most efficient method of communication is. 2. 3 Describe the reasons for using language that suits the purpose of written communication Colloquial, casual and formal writing are different styles of writing that that can be used in communications. The style of writing also depends on the purpose of what it is intended to say, how it is intended to be said, what the document will be used for and the audience. Casual language is something that we use to communicate with family and close friends. Very informal words such as text speak that we use normally on a daily basis. Colloquial language is an informal language that is not rude but would not be used in formal situations, this may be used in a staff huddle situation where you want the staff to feel relaxed and not over whelmed with the information you are giving out. Formal language would be used in meetings wh ere the audience possibly member of higher management/directors are present and would not appreciate the colloquial speech you would give to your employees. You need to be personally well presented and the language would contain formal words, good vocabulary and excellent grammar which are more important. 2. 4 Describe ways of organising, structuring and presenting written information so it meets the needs of an audience When organising, structuring and presenting written information we have to bear in mind the following: Prepare all the documents for presentation depending on what has to be delivered. Keep documents in the correct order, so that the communication goes in a proper flow without any confusions and errors. While presenting be clear in what you talk about, stating the objectives. Give an introduction on what you are going to present, why you are there doing it, why the attendees are there and why is it important. Allow time for question at the end of each subject and be prepared to answer them to the best of your knowledge. Present it step by step clearly using proper resources where needed Have leaflets or hand-outs ready so that they can take the information away with them In the end, close it down making clear that all objectives were covered and the attendees understood what was discussed. Inform the team what will happen next and what actions have to be implemented and any other outcomes from the presentation. 2. 5 Describe ways of checking for the accuracy of written information Any written content or communication has to be free of spelling and grammatical errors. It also has to be in the right and professional format. So the following have to be checked or considered before the document is finalised to be sent out. Proof read your document Whatever is written has to be accurate, otherwise it will have disastrous effects and can even ruin  the reputation of the organisation, and the organisation can itself get into trouble. So all details have to be double checked, for example dates, names, statistics, events, discussions, actions and other facts Spell check and grammar check Most programs now have a spell check and grammar check option available to easily correct typo errors. It is always best to read through the document twice before finalising as not all typo s may be picked up using this method, also some new words may not be added on to the spell checkers database. Use a template Usually every organisation has a different style for documents they produce. They will all be available; you should research through to find the correct style for the document that you want to produce. Find a beta reader Another way to ensure accuracy is to have your document read by another reader. Sometimes when we read through our own work, minor and sometimes major errors can be hard to detect which may be easily picked up by a different person. Also grammatical, punctuation and style errors can be picked up if the reader is an experienced person. Explain the purpose of accurate use of grammar, punctuation and spelling The main purpose in the correct use of grammar, punctuation and spelling is ensuring the receiver of the information can read it accurately and understand the information that is being passed on. When given a task to do for your employer they will expect you to do it correctly. Errors in a document could lead readers to distrust the information you were meant to pass on, this could then be relayed back to the employer who would themselves lose confidence in your ability. 2. Explain what is meant by plain English, and why it is used Plain English is simple, straight forward, easily understood English. They do not use difficult or technical terms, instead have common words used and understood by everyone. For example: Before High-quality learning environments are a necessary precondition for facilitation and enhancement of the on-going learning process. Plain English Children need good schools if they are to learn properly. Plain English is used for communication that emphasises clarity and avoids technical language. It is used so that what you try to communicate is easily understood by everyone and is appropriate to their reading skills and knowledge. It is clear and direct, with nothing hidden, free of unnecessary remarks and unnecessary language or slangs. 2. 8 Explain the need to proofread and check written work It is important to proofread all work you produce because there are other types of errors besides spelling errors and not all checking programs will pick up grammar and punctuation mistakes. Also it wont pick up on a sentence that could have typed incorrectly. 2. 9 Explain how to identify work that is important and work that is urgent Importance and urgency are two totally different things. When something is given to you that is urgent an immediate communication needs to be sent out relaying this information. For example: A call comes from head office stating that there is a safety issue on an item the store sells and it is to be taken off sale immediately. When something is important is should be prioritised into your communication. In the day to day work schedule there would be a mix of tasks, some important and some of low priority. But all tasks need to be completed before the deadlines. For example: The tills need to be checked by the end of trade that day, it is important to do this but yet not urgent that it needs to be straight away 2. 10 Describe organisational procedures for saving and filing written communication Every organisation has its own policies and procedures for saving and filling documents. Documents with similar information are filed together for ease of accessibility in ring binders or electronic folders. Documents that need to be shared with other departments and other staff are always stored on shared drives. Confidential information is usually stored in password protected files, encrypted if necessary. Records may be kept as paper files, or electronically in shared drives, databases or document management systems.