Deepest Wreck :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A deep-sea salvage company claims to have discovered the deepest ancient shipwreck ever found- a 2,300-year-old Greek trading vessel found nearly two miles under the surface of the Mediterranean. The discovery of the shipwreck between the classical trading centers of Rhodes and Alexandria adds to the collection of evidence that is challenging the long-held theory that ancient sailors lacked the navigational knowledge and skill to sail large distances across open water. It is believed that they were restricted to following the coastline during thier trips. Four other possibly ancient wrecks were discovered nearby.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the spring of 1999, the deep-ocean exploration firm Nauticos Corporation conducted a survey in the eastern Mediterranean in an attempt to locate an Israeli submarine that had mysteriously disappeared in the area 31 years before. Their sonar system detected five closely spaced clusters at a depth of almost 10,000 feet on what is known as the Herodotus Abyssal Plain. Visual inspection of these clusters with a remotely operated vehicle revealed five shipwrecks of possible archaeological significance. There was only enough time to permit the collection of a detailed video and sonar imagery of only one site. This information was sent to the Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) at Texas A&M University to determine the ships origin and importance. The shape of several amphoras or containers from the site date back to the end of the third century B.C. or the beginning of the second century B.C. making this the deepest ancient shipwreck yet discovered.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Despite its depth, the site is typical for an ancient shipwreck. The vessel came to rest on the bottom and eventually flipped over onto its side. As its wooden hull lost structural integrity, the ship’s side flattened out under the weight of the containers that had tumbled over it. The opposite side of the hull was held upright, unburied by the containers or sediment, succumbed to erosion and decay, and were mostly rotted away. This wreck’s amphora cargo forms a mound approximately 80 feet long and 50 feet wide and tapers in height and width from the center of the ship to the bow and stern, or front and back. At least six or more types of wine amphoras have been identified, including containers from the islands of Rhodes and Kos, there may be as many as 2,500 containers present at the site.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ship’s bow area or the front area of the ship, can be identified by the presence of at least five lead anchors.

Family Culture Change Essay

The depression era family culture demonstrated a close knit community which spent large amounts of time together (Craig 2006). Many families used to gather around the same radio and listen to entertainment or news and the fire side chats then President Roosevelt gave provided reassurance for a worried public (Craig 2006). The lifestyle of a nuclear family with close contacts has developed to a fast paced world where family members frequently do not communicate regularly leading to alternative groups settings (Koesten, Miller, & Hummert 2001). Information on divergent lifestyles is now easily accessible to people which influences behavior (Koesten, Miller & Hummert 2001). The radio was introduced as a communication and entertainment medium during the great depression (Craig 2006). The radio provided instant access to news and weather in addition to the entertainment value it provided (Craig 2006). Entire families would gather around the radio during the evening and spend quality time together (Craig 2006). Businesses used the radio advertisements to lure the public in to considering buying purchases that were not considered prior to the advent of the radio (Craig 2006). Despite the economic hardships created by the great depression households who owned radios increased from 30% in 1930 to 70% in 1940 (Craig 2006). In 1940 the foundation had but formed for the future technology revolution that is present today (Craig 2006). This is where the perception of the current American consumer started that buying a product would solve all of one’s problems (Craig 2006). Today’s United States population now has a variety of electronic devices such as cell phones and computers enabling true access on demand to information and entertainment (Koesten, Miller, & Hummert 2001). The multiple methods of communication available to the average American today can foster unhealthy influences on behavior which can result in unhealthy consequences (Koesten, Miller, & Hummert 2001). People today spend more time communicating with others outside their immediate family with jobs, activities, and socialization than within the family unit (Koesten, Miller, & Humert 2001). The behavior of children from this generation will be influenced more by society than parentally which will impact the behavior displayed (Koesten, Miller, & Hummert 2001). The familial influence has been replaced by peer influence which has decreased the importance of family within today’s culture (Koesten, Miller & Hummer 2001).   This decreased emphasis on familial communication has lead to increased peer pressure which results in a greater likelihood of risk taking behaviors (Koesten, Miller, & Hummert 2001). This feeling of isolation has resulted in a dramatic increase in depression resulting from the loss of close family contact (Paxton, Valois, Watkins, Huebner, & Drane 2007). A depressed mood is different from clinical depression and is described as a feeling of sadness, lasting from a couple of hours to days (Paxton, Valois, Watkins, Huebner, & Drane 2007). Clinical depression is defined as sadness lasting at least two weeks that interferes with the activities of daily life (Paxton, Valois, Watkins, Huebner, & Drane 2007). People who are depressed are more likely to engage in behaviors that are hazardous to one’s health (Paxton, Valois, Watkins, Huebner, & Drane 2007). Due to this family isolation and depression unnatural death has become the leading cause of adolescents and has increased dramatically recently (Anonymous 1987). Substance abuse has become more prevalent which has resulted in significant morbidity in the adolescent and young adult population (Anonmyous 1987). These problems did not exist in the epidemic proportions they do today because despite the multiple modalities available to communicate with family society communicates less than in the depression era. References: Anonymous (1987). Health Risk Behaviors. Pediatrics. 80 (1) 144-147. Retrieved on December 20, 2008 from the ebscohost database. Craig, S. (2006). The More they Listen, The More They Buy. Agricultural History. 80 (1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1-16. Retrieved on December 20, 2008 from the ebscohost database. Koesten, J., Miller, K. I., Hummert, M. L. (2001). Family Communication, Self Efficacy, and White Female Adolescent Risk Behavior. Journal of family Communication 2 (1) 7-27. Retrieved on December 20, 2008 from the ebscohost database. Paxton, R. J., Valois, R. F., Watkins, K. W., Huebner, E. S., Drane, J. W. (2007) Association Between Depressed Moods and Clusters of Health Risk Behaviors. American Journal of Health Behavior 31 (3) 272-283. Retrieved on December 20, 2008 from the ebscohost database.

The First World War ( Wwi ) - 1900 Words

The First World War (WWI) was fought from 1914 to 1918 and the Second World War (or WWII) was fought from 1939 to 1945. They were the largest military conflicts in human history. Both wars involved military alliances between different groups of countries. World War I was centered on Europe. The world warring nations were divided into two groups namely ‘The Central Powers’ and ‘The Allied Powers’. The central powers group consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria. The Allied powers group consisted of France, Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and (from 1917) the U.S. World War II, the opposing alliances are now referred to as ‘The Axis’ and ‘The Allies’. The Axis group consisted of Germany, Italy, and Japan. The Allies group consisted of France, Britain, the U.S., the Soviet Union, and China. World War II was especially heinous because of the genocide of Jewish people perpetrated by the Nazis. The causes of World War I were six. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June 1914, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary was the trigger for the war. He was killed by Serbian nationalists. Austria-Hungary invaded Serbia. At same time Germany invaded Belgium, Luxembourg and France. Russia attacked Germany. Several alliances formed over the past decades were invoked, so within weeks the major powers were at war; as all had colonies, the conflict soon spread around the world. The Versailles Treaty signed at the end of World War I not only layShow MoreRelatedWwi And Wwi : The First World War1704 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion 1 WWI vs WWII WWI is also known as the First World War, The Great War, The European War, and The War of the Nations. It was fought primarily in Europe from the year 1914 to the year 1918 and lasted 4 years. There were two warring groups, the Allied Powers composed of France, Britain, Russia, Japan, Italy, and in the later years, the U.S.; and the Central Powers composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey. It was triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ofRead MoreThe First World War ( Wwi )920 Words   |  4 PagesAlong history there have been persuasive speakers who through their voices have changed the world. They have mastered the art of persuasion and became leaders in order to inspire people to follow them and believe in them, to fight for their country because of patriotism and honor, and they unite masses for the best for the humanity and others for the worse. The First World War (WWI) left leaders that implementing strategic messages dedicated to the people made a paradigm shift by that time causingRead MoreEssay on The First World War (WWI)777 Words   |  4 Pages WORLD WAR ONE nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There has always been wars, and there will always be wars. Most wars leave a huge impact on the history of that nation, especialy if it involves more than one. In 1914, long-standing rivalries among European nations exploded into war. World War one, as it is now called, cost millions of lives. Such a war, has left a deep intentaion on the American history. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There were three very important causes of WorldRead More The First World War (WWI) Essay854 Words   |  4 Pages The Price of Glory: Verdun 1916, written by Alistair Horne, All Quiet on the Western Front, written by Erich Maria Remarque, and the many letters written by soldiers give several different and similar views of World War 1. The letters written by the soldiers talk about his or her individual problems and how they miss and love his or her families. In The Price of Glory: Verdun 1916, Alistair Horne writes day to day stories about the Battle of Verdun and of soldiers discussing his or her feelingsRead More The First World War (WWI) Essay3406 Words   |  14 Pagesindependent and radically pan-Slavic nation bordering the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was behind the killing (they were right as it happened — the Serbian chief of staff had helped plan the crime). World Response Initial world opinion also believed Serbia was behind the assassination, and the initial world response condemned the act — a factor which reassured Austria that it could move to get revenge. But the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy never operated quickly, especially since Austria could do nothingRead MoreEssay about The First World War (WWI)978 Words   |  4 PagesMain Causes of World War I While we are always reminded of the negative effects of war, it is not everyday that we learn to understand the deeper factors of war that can turn a small conflict into an international outbreak. World War I was said to have been sparked by the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand but there are various deeper reasons that contributed to the commencement of the Great War. These factors include militarism, imperialism and the alliance systems. The first reason for theRead MoreEssay about The First World War (WWI)1087 Words   |  5 Pages World War I nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Nothing was a bigger disaster than what happened in World War I. This was such a bad war because everyone in the world has allies, and the allies are in oath to help there ally when things get rough or that country is going to war. What I am here to inform you about is how one of the major countries and why one of the biggest powers in the world played a big part in World War I. This country is no other than France, a countryRead MoreThe War I And World War II Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"Thirty Years War† World War I and World War II are the largest military conflicts in history. In 1919, Europe attempted to reconstruct the damage left by WWI. After WWI, with the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was left destroyed and destabilized, which eventually laid out the foundation for WWII. The harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles led to the aggression of Germany. The Treaty of Versailles was supposed to bring about peace, but Marshall Foch, generalissimo of the Allied Armies in FranceRead MoreEssay What Extent Is Germany to Blame for Ww11735 Words   |  7 Pagesblame for starting WWI? After a massive war, it easy to see why a lot people would point fingers at the country that lost the war. However, is this always correct; or do people jump to conclusions much too quickly? By doing this, do they also create a whole new kind of trouble for themselves to come in later years? Some may suggest that it is more productive to look at the events leading up to the war to determine who was at fault. The blame attached to World War One (WWI) is not exclusivelyRead MoreWomen’s Role in Wwi: Before and After1357 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War I made a colossal impact on all aspects of human life and almost everyone in Europe was affected by this impact to different degrees as a consequence. One group in particular, most often illustrated as a real turning point, largely in enfranchisement and employment, were women. The outbreak of WWI saw a number of unexpected changes take place within the common social strata. These changes were prompted by the fact that a new wave of social-thinking was taking shape and eventually affected

Short Story - 998 Words

I was charging across campus in a daze, only focusing on the handful of memory refreshers in my hand. People were bumping me as I pushed my way through several crowds just trying to get to class on time. I looked down at my pristine steel gray Akribos watch noticing that I had two minutes to get to my Anatomy and Physiology class for my final of first semester. My quick pace immediately turned into a sprint as I still had to journey half way across campus. The brisk fall wind blew my hair against my face as the fall leaves fell from the trees. I ran through the doors of Kela Lecture Hall and flew up the right staircase to find the door to my class slowly closing. I sprinted full speed towards the door and slammed my hand between the wall†¦show more content†¦My legs fell right from underneath me as I fumbled to the ground in a weeping mess. I sat on the ground for a while not wanting to move a muscle as this did not feel like reality, but I got up and flew to my dorm, knowin g I should call my mother and ask how my father is doing. My worn navy blue thinking chair with a paisley print was calling my name, so I sat down in it as I started to prepare myself to call my mother back. Gently pressing the buttons, I held my phone up to my right ear waiting for my mother to answer. The sound of sniffles and tears instantly filled my ear as my mother told me that my father did have a heart attack and that he was in critical condition at St. Cloud Hospital in Minnesota. I knew the moment she was done with her sentence that I had a major life choice to make; should I go to Minnesota to see my dying father? Or should I stay and finish my semester finals? â€Å"Hey Mom? Can you give me a couple of hours to decide?† I murmured gently into the phone, as I was waiting for my inevitable break down. â€Å"Of course honey, just please let me know by tomorrow morning, I will talk to you tomorrow, bye honey,† my mother hung up as she knew she could not be str ong for me or herself much longer. As soon as I heard the familiar sound of an ended call, I threw my phoneShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Hydraulic Fracturing - 2275 Words

Hydraulic Fracturing: An Inconvenient Truth Carolyn Yanoti and Florian Muller I6068325, I6078618 December 5, 2013 Workshop Paper Assignment Final Version Professor Julia Quartz As America looks to find the best source of energy at hand domestically, the use of hydraulic fracturing proves to be the best response. Hydraulic fracturing is more commonly known as fracking, is the process where natural gas is extracted from shale rock areas deep within the earth. In the US, an estimated total of 1.44 quadrillion cubic feet of shale gas is accessible with this technology. In 2012, 32 states hosted natural gas drillers, with an extensive tendency. In the same year, 24 states considered 127 bills which were†¦show more content†¦Understanding the different levels of risk interpretation by different actors builds support on why they may or may not support a technology. In the case of hydraulic fracturing, proponents argue fracking outcomes result in simplistic risks, which means they are manageable and can be easily calculated. In responding to potential opponents, the industry argues that risks can be managed through existing and rapidly improving technologi es. A press release from the Marcellus Shale Coalition (2010) proposes what their argumentation looks like: â€Å"The members of the Marcellus Shale Coalition develop and drill wells in an environmentally responsible manner, including the use of hydraulic fracturing to complete a well for production. Hydraulic fracturing has been an established and proven practice for 60 years in Pennsylvania and around the country, and has been regulated successfully by state agencies. There have been no identified groundwater contamination incidents due to hydraulic fracturing.† In the additional measures to secure the extraction process, the strong pipe and the layers of cement, make hydraulic fracturing a very safe way to access the gas. Further security is guaranteed by the new, modern character of the technology. As a direct response to the risk of methane-contamination of the environment, proponents argue that groundwater containsShow MoreRelatedHydraulic Fracturing Essay696 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is Hydraulic Fracturing Contrary to popular belief’s Hydraulic Fracturing is not a drilling process .It is the series of steps that are used after the drilling of hole in the ground is completed to create or restore small fractures or opening in the reservoir rock formation .These small fractures or opening in the reservoir are mainly used to extract –petroleum, natural gas ( such as shale gas , tight gas , and coal seam) ,water And natural substances This process was first used in 1947Read MoreThe Argument Against Hydraulic Fracturing1378 Words   |  6 PagesArgument against Hydraulic Fracturing Hydraulic Fracturing is the process in which a borehole is made on earth, and the Shale rock is broken in order to harvest natural gas by drilling pipes vertically,and horizontally.Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking draws in the addition of more than a million gallons of water,sand,and chemicals being added below earth s surface at a high pressure down a vertical,and horizontal pipeline.As the mixture travels down the pipe it breaks the Shale rock realisingRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing : Natural Gas1988 Words   |  8 PagesHydraulic Fracturing Natural gas is a keystone of United States economy, it providing the United States a quarter of the country’s total energy; Outstanding to the many advances in technology. Production from shale formations has gone from a small amount just a few years ago to being almost thirty percent of total United States natural gas manufacture. This has gotten lower prices, domestic jobs due to the possible of extensive production growth. Although the growth has also brought many difficultRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing : Good Or Bad?1401 Words   |  6 PagesHydraulic Fracturing: Good or Bad? Carol French owns a dairy farm in Pennsylvania. French’s dairy farm was thriving until one day a startling change in her water occurred. On March 15, 2011, French turned on her sink faucet and â€Å"the water came out white with a green moss settling on top of sand† (â€Å"A Dairy†). After the water settled for a while it became gelatin like. After being exposed to the water, â€Å"French’s daughter became sick in October of that year with a fever, weight loss (10 pounds inRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing : An Ethical Approach1168 Words   |  5 PagesHydraulic Fracturing: An Ethical Approach Hydraulic fracturing in combination with advancement in directional drilling has made it possible to economically extract oil and gas from unconventional resources. The growth in U.S. oil and gas exploration and production made possible by the increase in use of hydraulic fracturing, has raised concerns about its potential to impact human health and the environment. Concerns have been raised by the public about the effects of hydraulic fracturing on qualityRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing : The Good And The Bad1381 Words   |  6 PagesHydraulic Fracturing: The Good and The Bad. Hydraulic fracturing in combination with advancement in directional drilling has made it possible to economically extract oil and gas from unconventional resources. The growth in U.S. oil and gas exploration and production made possible by the increase in use of hydraulic fracturing, has raised concerns about its potential to impact human health and the environment. Concerns have been raised by the public about the effects of hydraulic fracturing on qualityRead MoreThe Controversial Technique Of Hydraulic Fracturing1366 Words   |  6 Pagesmore dependent on oil. However, the insatiable hunger of oil eventually consumed most available shallow sources of oil. Only then did natural gas and its variants become a viable option, and with it the controversial technique of Hydraulic Fracturing. Hydraulic Fracturing, or Fracking, as it is commonly known, is a process that requires three main components: a natural gas deposit, drilling and fracking fluid. The operation begins with companies surveying lands to discover an untapped source. OnceRead MoreThe Possible Effects of Hydraulic Fracturing in Newfoundland1278 Words   |  5 Pagesessay will examine the possible effects of hydraulic fracturing in Newfoundland. Hydraulic fracturing is the process of retrieving natural gas from the earth by injecting fluid into a borehole and pressurizing it, creating cracks in the rock. hydraulic fracturing fluid is made up of small beads of sand or ceramic, which prop open the cracks in the rock, as well as water and chemicals, which help suspend the proppants (sand or ceramic). The hydraulic fracturing fluid is pressurized, allowing the proppantsRead MoreWhy America Needs Hydraulic Fracturing1876 Words   |  8 PagesWhy America needs hydraulic fracturing Hydraulic fracturing also called fracking has been around for many years despite the recent events of controversy to continue fracturing or not. With the earth’s resources depleting rapidly every year and no sufficient replacement for energy humanity needs fracking. The process of fracking has been around for more than six decades. Fracking has been around since the 1940s and was created to increase the removal flow of oil and natural gas. In the words ofRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing : A Common And Widespread Technique1637 Words   |  7 PagesHydraulic fracturing has become a very common and widespread technique, especially in North America, due to technological advances that have allowed extracting natural gas from so-called unconventional reservoirs (tight sands, coal beds and shale formations). The socalled high volume hydraulic fracturing (with treatments typically an order of magnitude larger than the conventional fracturing procedures) began in 1968. This was complemented by horizontal drilling since the late 1980s, and the use

C Programming Essay Example For Students

C Programming Essay C programming for the complete newbieHello there im Krisis you may have seen me on irc.hackersclub.com. Well I thought it was about time to write an article like everyone else. Butunlike many others mine wont be on Hacking, Cracking, or Phreaking its on C programming, yousee Im not the best hacker but Im an ok programmer. So here it goes. This is based for absolutebeginners so those of you like my friend Chrak wouldnt be interested in it. 1st lets talk about some of C s history. C was invent by Dennis Ritchieand KennethThompson. They modeled it after the language they were using called B. Cwas a subset of B hencethe name. C was made because B was going out of style and they needed a newlanguage to write UNIX in. Yes UNIX was made in C. C was made popular very quickly becauseevery UNIX sold had a Ccompiler. A compiler is a program thats looks at your source code andtransfers it into object code, after it is transfered into object code it must be linked, once itslinked it can beexecuted. /***********************************************************************************************/2nd Lets talk about variables they are your integers and characters and soon. You have many data types they are. int integerschar characterslong int bigger integersshort int same as intfloat decimal numbersdouble even bigger decimal numbersTo define a variable 1st you must put something like int MyNum;MyNum = 2;or for a character value it would be like char name; name= Jim;notice the you must have those around character values, they are notneeded for integers ordecimals. /***********************************************************************************************/3rd Ill tell you about stuff like #include and #define. #include is usedto tell the compiler that whatever is in the brackets just be included like its part ofyour code. #include ;stdio.h; #define is used to define something Like the color of a truck or car. #define TRUCK red#include and #define must come before any functions are even prototyped(Ill talk about this later). /***********************************************************************************************/ 4th Ill talk about functions. Every program must have at least onefunction. That functions name must be main(). The () tells the compiler that it is afunction. All functions must return a value in the main() function a 0 is usually returned. In yourfunctions you willwant to use comments to explain your code a comment is begun by using /*and ended by using */ . I will now show you your 1st program. #include stdio.h /* Used in most standard Input Output Programs */main()/* Beginning Brackets used to show the beggining ofa block of code */printf(Hello World); /* A function already written in Stdio.h */return 0; /* Value returned from the program */} /* Ending bracket used to show end of a block of code */now compile your program in your compiler if your using UNIX do it like this gcc hello.c -o Helloand then run your program bye typing in ./Hello/***********************************************************************************************/5th Ill talk about output which is essential to almost all programs. Ill start you out with printf(); It is defined in Stdio.h so every time youcall printf(); you must include Stdio.h . printf(); s syntax is quite easy you just used it like thisprintf(What ever you want outputted);to output variables you do it like this char dog=scruffy;printf(My dogs name is %c, dog); notice the %c it tells the compiler tolook for a character variable. Now for Integers and Decimalsint age=16;printf(I am %d years old, age); use %d to print out decimals and integers /***********************************************************************************************/6th Lets talk about multiple functions. When you have more than one functionyou must prototype it. Here is an example. .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 , .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 .postImageUrl , .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 , .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707:hover , .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707:visited , .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707:active { border:0!important; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707:active , .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707 .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub3c17e4c21f9daf294663e2be60ee707:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hot and good Essay#include ;stdio.h;void hello(); /* This is a prototype notice the void. Void tells thecompiler that this functiondoes not return a value like return 0; */main() /* Main doesnt ever need to be prototyped */hello();return 0;}void hello(); /* Your prototype must look exactly like your real function */printf(Im in the function hello!);} Void is your return type. Other return types are int for returning integersuse float to return decimals and so on. /***********************************************************************************************/7th Ill introduce you to input. Ill teach you how to use gets() and scanf()and fgets() properlygets() takes a variable and place data into as do scanf() and fgets() In thenext example I will use all 3#include stdio.h#include conio.hmain()int x, y, z, ans;printf(What is X s value );gets(x);printf(What is Y s value );scanf(%d, y); /* Scanf is odd I dont recommend using it try and use getsand fgets more */ /* Whatever is used to print the variable type you are using is placed inparantheses and is used in front of whatever variable you are using */printf(What is Z s value);fgets(z, 25, stdin); /* fgets is kinda tricky at first glance */ /* first off you put what variable you want then how many integers orcharacterslong it can be and then stdin,stdin is a macro defined in stdio.h it is usedto represent standard input */ans=x+y+z;printf(Ans equals %d, ans);/************************************ ***********************************************************/8th Lets talk about decision statements like if and else. here is how if is usedif(VariableName==5) printf(Your variable is 5); }else is used after if, it is used like thisif(VariableName==5)printf(Your variable is 5);}elseprintf(I dont know what your variable is);}/***********************************************************************************************/9th Ill talk about While loops and do-while loops. Loops arent as hard asthey may seem. while loops are easy. Just watch and learn. #include stdio.hmain()int x=1;while(x2600)printf(X=%d,x);x++; /* adds 1 to x */}return 0;} /* While loops dont have to happen only if the right sequence happens dothey execute */Loops can be placed inside of IF and else statements if you want. That canbe very helpful if you want a process to happen a bunch if something happens Like the user pressingX instead of Y. Do-While loops are just as easy. They automatically execute at least once. #include stdio.hmain()int x=1;doprintf(X=%d,x);x++;}while(x2600);return 0;}The do tells the program to do this at least once and it doesnt see thewhile until it has already do the do. /***********************************************************************************************/10th Im going to tell you about another kind of loop the for loop. Forloops execute a given number of times and then stop. For loops are executed like this. for(x=1; x100; x++)printf(X=%d,x);}That prints 1 through 100. Thats about it about for loops there not veryhard. They can be prettyuseful. But I dont use them alot Im into While loops. /***********************************************************************************************/11th is all about Arrays. Arrays are consecutive places in memory. Arrayscan be integers and characters. They can be just about any size. Here is an example. #include stdio.hmain()int i2int i1 =2600int i2 =1982 /* Year I was born */printf( I1 = %d ,i1); printf( I2 = %d ,i2);return 0;}See how easy that was Arrays arent very hard at all. /***********************************************************************************************/12th Ill tell you about passing parameters to functions. Its nots to hardbut Ive said that about everything. First you must prototype it before main() I hope youremember how to prototype. Here is an example of passing parameters. #include stdio.hint next(int x);main()int age;printf(please enter you age );fgets(age, 3 ,stdin);age(age); /* Age is passed on to the next function */return 0;}next(int x);x++;printf(Next year you will be %d, x);return 0;}/***********************************************************************************************/13th Ill say a little sumthin about why C is good to Hacking. Its goodbecause it is so portable C can be used on all processors and Operating Systems. So if yourexploit you just wrote works onone UNIX like OS odds are it will work on another, therefore you dont haveto write a whole newprogram just to get a root shell. .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 , .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 .postImageUrl , .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 , .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4:hover , .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4:visited , .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4:active { border:0!important; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4:active , .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4 .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4c4218344e201a25c6d4e3ccb16b00a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Discrimination in America Essay/***********************************************************************************************/Last but not least a sample program. #include stdio.hint blah(int x,int y);main()int a,b,r;printf(Enter some numbers );scanf(%d, a);scanf(%d, b);r=blah(a,b);printf(R = %d,r);return 0;}int blah(int x, int y)return x * y; }What does blah do and how does it work? You tell me. /***********************************************************************************************/Thats it for my little tutorial on C. I hope it helped you some. But forfurther info on C I suggest reading C programming in 12 easy lessons by Greg Perry from Sams Publishing. It helped me a shitload on learning C. You also might want to get some bookson C++ a subset of CYou can mail me at emailprotected

Lord of the Flies uses the desire for power, civil Essays - Fiction

Lord of the Flies uses the desire for power, civilisation vs barbarianism and savagery to reflect the concerns of its time. Golding situated the book around the significance of World War Two. Golding concentrated on the aspect of the war, because of his personal participation in World War Two in the Navy. The war is significant in the book, as Golding believes is how we release the evil within ourselves. The young boys were chosen as the characters, to represent the innocence in society. Though their innocence is short-lived when they are suddenly left on an island together and eventually drifting into un-civilisation. The novel exhibits the desire for power, which is shown through the use of the conch'. The conch is a large horn-shell, that was found by Ralph, to assemble the boys. As there were no adults on the Island and the boys were left to make decisions for themselves. When Ralph blew into the conch, it signified to the other boys that he was in-charge or a dominant figure, as he was the closest thing to an adult they could look up to. When voting for their chief, Jack decides that he would like to be a candidate, as he can sing a C-sharp. This is quite ridiculous, as now a days, people would not consider that a good skill to have. Jack is out voted by the boys for Ralph to be chief, "You voted me for chief. Now you do what I say". Jack soon finds that he doesn't like Ralph's ruling and edges away from the group, seeking his own power to over-throw Ralph and to create his own clan'. Ralph soon realises that rules are only followed if people agree to follow them, 'I'm chief... And I've got the conch', "But you haven't got it with you. You left it behind". This shows that the boys didn't actually vote for Ralph as the chief, they voted for the conch to control their behaviour. The conflict between the civilising instincts and the barbarising instincts that Golding believes exists in all human beings is dramatised by the use of young boys to represent the e vil inside of us. The civilisation is represented through Ralph, as he strives for fair rules; "We've got to have rules and obey them. After all, we're not savages". Whereas the barbarism is represented by Jack, who endeavours in every man for himself'. The mention of the beast is first introduced as an imaginary, snake-like figure, that was supposedly seen by one of the younger boys. Jack then takes on the belief that the beast exists and he uses the beast as a way to blame their actions on the persuasion of the beast, "Maybe there is a beast. Maybe its only us". Because of the conflict between the boys, it causes massive destruction to their mental states, their judgement of civilisation and the deaths of many of the boys. The story is over dramatised, as the boys only seem to last a few days before eventually becoming uncivilised', though in reality it would probably take much longer. Also it seems a bit strange that they just happened to land on a deserted island, as they could have possibly landed in the ocean and drowned to their deaths. This suggests that this type of situation probably would not have actually occurred, implying that un-civilisation could possibly not occur.Savagery is widely explored in the book as the deplorable level of cruelty follows them all over the island. Since the book was written post World War Two, Golding uses the story to reflect our actions throughout the war and the inhumane treatment that is brought to the surface in isolated places. This represents the diabolical nature of man as ethics and societal values are abandoned, by the boys. Initially the island is a representation of the garden of Eden. A paradise described as majestic and beautiful, "where flower and fruit grew on the same tree". But when Simon is killed, all hell is let loose. "The beastfell over the steep edge of the rock", which inverts the sense of moral goodness through the allusion to the devil, as Jack and his faction continue their